Effects of cadmium exposure on digestive enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, and lipid peroxidation in the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense

In this study, the effects of cadmium (Cd) stress on the activities of disaccharidases (sucrase, lactase, and maltase), amylase, trypsin, pepsase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the alimentary system of freshwater crabs Sinopotamon henanense were studied. Results showed that the enzyme activities in the stomach, intestine, and hepatopancreas changed with Cd concentration. In terms of digestive enzymes, Cd exposure had an inhibitory effect on the activities of the disaccharidases, amylase, and pepsase (only in the stomach). Significant induction of trypsin activity by Cd at a lower concentration was observed, but as Cd concentration increased, trypsin activity decreased. Maltase activity showed a slight recovery after inhibition by Cd. The activities of SOD and CAT increased initially and decreased subsequently. Cd significantly inhibited the activity of GPx. MDA content increased with increasing concentration of Cd. These results showed that acute Cd exposure led to harmful effects on the alimentary system of crabs, which are likely linked to Cd induced oxidative stress.     

Anthropogenic pollution and variability of manganese in alluvial sediments of the Yellow River,Ningxia, northwest China

Heavy metal pollution of sediments is a global concern and can be a serious problem in heavily industrialized parts of the world. Pollution by manganese is particularly common due to its ubiquitous natural occurrence, ease of mobilization, and extensive association with industry. In Ningxia, China, manganese pollution of Yellow River alluvial sediments was assessed by comparing manganese concentrations in 35 sediment samples with background values derived from similar sediments obtained at sites considered remote from potential sources of contamination. Natural background values of manganese were found to range from 192 to 323 mg/kg for surface sediments, and from 220 to 325 and 283 to 394 mg/kg for subsurface sediments at depths of 45–50 and 95–100 cm, respectively. In the study area, manganese content ranged from 565 to 1,363 mg/kg, indicating anthropogenic pollution extending to a depth of at least 1 m in the study area. All 35 samples were found to exceed the threshold effect concentration (TEC) of 460 mg/kg, below which adverse effects on sediment-dwelling organisms are not expected to occur, and one sample (T12) was found to exceed the probable effect concentration (PEC) of 1,100 mg/kg. PEC defines the threshold above which adverse effects are likely to be observed. Variogram analysis of the surface sediment manganese data revealed adherence to a Gaussian model, and ordinary kriging was used to generate a manganese distribution map. Analysis of the high nugget effect ratio indicates high, small-scale variations that are consistent with potential emissions from an adjacent electrolytic manganese plant.     

汶川地震中房屋建筑震害特征及抗震设计思考

汶川5·12特大地震造成了为数众多的建筑物不同程度的损坏。地震发生后,四川大学随即组织了现场勘查队奔赴受灾最为严重的地区了解建筑物的受损情况。本文基于大量的现场勘查资料介绍了砌体结构、框架结构、底框或局部底框砌体结构及楼梯间的震害特点。在定性分析的基础上提出以下观点:合理设计和施工的砌体结构有可能获得良好的抗震性能;按现行规范设计的钢筋混凝土框架结构难以实现"强柱弱梁"的要求;填充墙对框架抗震性能有显著的影响;在地震区应慎用底框砌体结构;合理的结构布置和施工质量是结构获得良好抗震性能的前提;仅用延性系数来衡量结构抗震性能具有一定的片面性;楼梯间结构设计宜考虑地震作用的影响。     

Practical evaluation for water utilities in China by using analytic hierarchy process

The risk of water utilities would include the water quality failure and the water quantity failure, from the source to the tap, including the catchment, treatment, distribution and the customer plumbing system. In this paper, we proposed a practical evaluation method based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The hierarchical structure of the water utilities was established in terms of the fault event analysis from the past failure accidents. The severity of criteria was preset by the experts and the probability of criteria was determined by a modified CUWA-TSM sheet with the consideration of the actual situations of the supply system. The evaluation model was successfully performed by a case study. Although, the method in this paper may not be as good as the framework of WSPs, it has a great advantage compared to WSPs and TSM. The risk management can be applied through specific software packages with a user-friendly interface, which means it is easier to implement. In addition, it can point out the critical control points (CCPs) for the decision-makers. So we believe this method will improve and play a more and more active role in the development of the risk management in China water works.     

溶胶-凝胶法制备复合光催化剂（MWNTs/TiO_2）工艺条件的研究

以多壁碳纳米管（MWNTs）为载体,在煅烧温度200~900℃、煅烧时间1~7 h、溶胶体系pH值为2~10的工艺条件下,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备复合光催化剂（MWNTs/TiO2）。通过其对甲基橙的光催化降解效果对比,评价各种复合光催化剂催化活性之间的差异,结果表明,随着煅烧温度的升高,复合光催化剂中纳米TiO2的晶型由锐钛型逐渐向金红石型转变,500℃时为2种晶型的混合相;pH值为2的强酸性条件有利于形成金红石晶型,pH值为5的中性及弱酸性条件则有利于形成锐钛型,而pH值为3时为2种晶型的混合相;在煅烧温度500℃、煅烧时间3 h、溶胶凝胶体系pH值为3的最佳制备工艺条件下,复合光催化剂催化活性最高,借助扫描电镜发现其TiO2均匀地包覆在多壁碳纳米管管壁上。     

三峡库区腹心地带消落区土壤氮磷含量调查

消落区土壤中氮磷是上覆水体营养物质的潜在来源之一。在2008年底三峡蓄水至172 m之前,采样分析了小江（澎溪河）等库区5条典型支流淹没前的消落区土壤氮磷含量分布情况。在研究样区范围内,消落区土壤全氮均值为1317±0484 mg/g,变化范围在0459~2735 mg/g,而土壤全磷均值为0676±0282 mg/g,变化范围在0314~2799 mg/g。不同的土地利用方式消落区土壤全氮含量有明显差异,耕地消落区和园林地消落区的全氮值明显高于河滩地消落区。不同流域之间氮素差异也达到极显著水平,朱衣河和大宁河流域消落区土壤氮素要明显高于其他3条支流。但是,不同土地利用方式的消落区之间全磷差异不显著,不同流域之间磷素差异也不显著。相比长江中下游一些浅水湖泊的底泥,库区消落区土壤中全氮和全磷含量水平已处于偏高状态,向上覆水体释放的风险较大。小江流域的丰乐镇和养鹿镇、朱衣河的胡家坝地区是研究范围内释放风险高的区域.     

内拱顶储罐内初始火灾自动灭火系统性能试验研究

为及时有效地抑制石油储罐内发生火灾后的初始火焰,防止火势蔓延后造成更为严重的连锁爆炸事故,研发1种由火灾快速探测系统和快速喷粉系统组成的快速灭火系统,并通过进行性能试验对此系统在石油储罐内的灭火效果进行验证。结果表明:火焰探测系统在探测器距火焰5 m范围内检验并输出报警信号的时间小于50 ms;快速喷粉装置在装粉量为5 kg时,可在310 ms内完成阀门开启至喷粉结束的整个过程。灭火系统可快速检测到火焰并使灭火剂快速有效地达到灭火点,避免火灾发生,具有一定工程应用价值。     

四川红豆杉属植物及其保护与利用

本文报道了四川红豆杉属植物的形态特征、种类、分布、有效成分及其综合利用，并就合理的开发与保护进行了初步研讨。     

三峡库区中小城镇城市降雨径流污染特征及现状研究

本研究采用从微观到宏观，在库区沿岸城镇诸多相关因素相似前提下，选择涪陵市为典型试验区；从水文因素，街道地表物累积冲刷规律研究着手，建立累积、冲刷计算模式，计算出涪陵市年降雨径流污染负荷和库区污染荷载因子，同时选择具有代表性的集水闭合小区进行水质、水量同步观测试验进行验证；确定外推因子，计算三峡库区城市降雨径流年冲刷入长江的总固体，ＳＳ，ＢＯＤ５，ＣＯＤ，Ｔ－Ｎ，Ｔ－Ｐ３量分别为５３９６８吨，３８０     

1995年江西省特大水灾分析

在调查分析的基础上，依次阐述了1995年江西省3次严重洪涝灾害的灾情、致灾原因等，并与1954年、1983年两次特大洪涝灾害的雨情、水情及灾情进行比较，最后探讨了今后进一步提高防汛减灾效益的对策。