大容量变压器直阻测试产生的剩磁危害及消除

大容量变压器直流电阻试验后,会在变压器铁心中留有剩磁,本文对变压器直流电阻试验后产生的剩磁原因以及由于剩磁的存在对变压器的投运造成的危害进行了分析,提出了目前几种消磁的技术手段和措施,对比分析了消磁取得的效果并通过实例进行了验证。结果表明:采用正反向直流衰减法可消除 90%以上的变压器直流电阻测试所造成的剩磁。     

近53年黄河流域降水时空分布特征

利用黄河流域76个气象台站近53 a（1960-2012）的逐日降水资料,采用国际上通用的极端降水事件指数,应用一元线性回归法、移动平均法和径向基函数空间插值法,研究了黄河流域极端降水指数时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）时间上,黄河流域年平均降水量在过去53 a下降趋势较为显著,降水倾向率为-7.2 mm/10a;极端降水量变化趋势表现较为稳定,极端降水倾向率为-0.64 mm/10a,呈不断降低趋势;极端降水强度倾向率为-0.078 mm/10a,呈不断下降趋势;极端降水比率总体表现为微弱增长趋势,倾向率为0.49 mm/10a。（2）空间上,降水量空间分布具有明显的差异性,由北至南呈阶梯式逐渐增多趋势,其中降水量最少的地区是以银川为代表的周边区域,最多的地区为黄河流域南部区域;极端降水量从北至南也具有逐渐增多态势,与降水量具有相似的空间分布特点,且极端降水量越多的地区降水总量也相对较多;极端降水强度表现出由流域西部向东部逐渐增多的趋势,西部最低值为不到20 mm/d,逐渐向东过渡到最大值为76 mm/d;极端降水比率的分布呈由北向南逐渐递减的特点,并且出现了以银川为中心的极大值和以西安为中心的极小值分布格局。     

腐殖质的光化学降解及其对环境污染物环境行为的影响

腐殖质是地表环境中最重要的有机组分,也是生态环境中最主要的吸光物质之一,对环境污染物的形态、迁移、毒性和生物可利用性有着重要的影响。文章综述了腐殖质的结构特征和光化学降解反应过程和机理,指出腐殖质的光敏化和光化学降解过程对环境污染物的环境行为和归宿有重要的影响。通常,腐殖质的光敏化作用在低质量浓度下,尤其在一定铁离子的协同作用下可促进有机污染物的降解,但高质量浓度的腐殖质由于其本身的吸光作用以及参与自由基的竞争则抑制有机污染物的降解。腐殖质的光化学降解过程降低了环境体系的pH和腐殖质的分子量、破坏了腐殖质的芳环结构、改变了紫外和可见光区域的吸收等,导致其与重金属离子和有机污染物结合能力的下降,造成水体或颗粒态中游离的污染物质量浓度增加,对生态系统将造成更大的危害。目前对腐殖质和环境污染物本身的光化学降解机理已较为清晰,今后应加强对自然水体或土壤系统中腐殖质光化学降解的影响因素,腐殖质光化学降解过程中结构特性的变化机理,以及腐殖质的结构特性与环境污染物结合性质之间的构效关系等方面的研究。特别是随着平流层臭氧空洞的增加,增强了到达地球表面的紫外线强度,研究紫外线增强对腐殖质和有机污染物的降解以及对生态系统的影响可进一步深刻理解太阳光辐射对污染物环境行为和归宿的影响。     

Does the metal content in soil around a pregnant woman’s home increase the risk of low birth weight for her infant?

Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with a number of maternal environmental exposures during pregnancy. This study explored the association between soil metal concentrations around the home where the mother lived during pregnancy and the outcome of LBW. We used a retrospective cohort of 9,920 mother–child pairs who were insured by Medicaid during pregnancy and lived in ten residential areas, where we conducted soil sampling. We used a grid that overlaid the residential areas and collected soil samples at the grid intersections. The soil was analyzed for the concentration of eight metals [arsenic (As), barium (Ba), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and mercury (Hg)], and we then used Bayesian Kriging to estimate the concentration at the actual maternal addresses, since we had the GIS coordinates of the homes. We used generalized additive modeling, because the metal concentrations had nonlinear associations with LBW, to develop the best fitting multivariable model for estimating the risk of LBW. The final model showed significant associations for female infants, maternal smoking during pregnancy, non-white mothers, Cu, and As with LBW. The As variable was nonlinear in relation to LBW, and the association between higher concentrations of As with LBW was strong (p = 0.002). We identified a statistically significant association between soil concentrations of arsenic around the home of pregnant women and an increased risk of LBW for her infant.     

Comparative study on the efficiency and environmental impact of two methods of utilizing polyvinyl chloride waste based on life cycle assessments

Two processes of utilizing polyvinyl chloride （PVC） waste, an incineration process and a vacuum pyrolysis process, for energy conversion were compared to determine their efficiency and environmental perfor- mance. We carried out a life cycle assessment with each of the two processes to evaluate their environmental impact and defined the goals and limits of our remit. As well, we established an inventory of PVC waste from incineration and vacuum pyrolysis based on process analysis, data collection and calculations. The results show that electrical power output per unit mass of PVC waste in the incineration process was twice as high as that of the vacuum pyrolysis process. Incineration had a larger total environmental impact potential than vacuum pyrolysis. The total environmental impact potential of PVC waste from incineration was three times higher than that from vacuum pyrolysis. Incineration of PVC disposed 300 ng. 100 kgI of dioxins and vacuum pyrolysis 98.19 ng- 100 kgI of dioxins. As well, we analyzed the data for their uncertainty with results quantified in terms of three uncertainties： basic uncertainty, additional uncertainty, and computational uncertainty. The coefficients of variation of the data were less than 25% and the quality of the inventory data was acceptable with low uncertainty. Both PVC waste disposal processes were of similar quality and their results comparable. The results of our life cycle impact assessment （LCIA） showed considerable reliability of our methodology. Overall, the vacuum pyrolysis process has a number advantages and greater potential for development of PVC disposal than the incineration process.     

企业安全文化的结构层次初探

介绍了企业安全文化的概念,探讨了企业安全文化在企业安全管理中的重要地位,提出了企业安全文化的层次结构模型。     

硫酸铝渣和硫铁矿烧渣制聚硅酸硫酸铁的研究

研究硫酸铝渣和硫铁矿烧渣制聚硅酸硫酸铁的工艺流程及其主要参数.提取硫酸铝渣中的SiO2得到Na2SiO3溶液,提取硫铁矿烧渣中铁得到FeSO4结晶.用FeSO4结晶制备聚合硫酸铁.用含3.5% SiO2的Na2SiO3溶液,控制pH=4.0,制得聚硅酸,将聚合硫酸铁加入聚硅酸制得聚硅酸硫酸铁絮凝剂.红外光谱分析表明,聚硅酸硫酸铁结合了SO2-4.检测了聚硅酸硫酸铁对模拟浊水和垃圾填埋场渗滤液的絮凝效果,用铁和硅物质的量比为0.5、用量0.5 mL/L的聚硅酸硫酸铁,处理模拟浊水,除浊率可达90%以上.用铁和硅物质的量比为1.5、用量4.0 mL/L的聚硅酸硫酸铁处理垃圾填埋场渗滤液生化处理尾水,CODCr去除率可达60%.     

油田生产设施环境安全距离理论与估算方法初探

石油生产会带来各种不利的环境影响,甚至造成许多重大安全隐患,并由此对区域生态环境构成严重威胁.对此笔者提出环境安全距离概念及其理论模型,并结合油田主要生产设施的环境影响分析,给出了油田生产过程中气体污染物排放、噪声污染、井喷、管线泄漏和火灾爆炸的环境安全距离估算方法,从而为减轻油田生产的潜在环境影响和损害,解决城市规划建设与油田已建设施之间的矛盾和确保油田生产的环境安全提供科学依据和管理对策.     

人造卫星--抗灾先锋

2001年9月11日以后,整个世界变了;2004年12月26日以后,世界是否也全变了?我们应该采取哪些措施以减少自然灾害所造成的破坏?     

世卫组织发出警告:变异禽流感可能大暴发

世界卫生组织警告说,禽流感病毒发生变异已经“不可避免”,一场和时间的赛跑已经开始。