2008年南方低温冰雪灾害对农业的影响及对策

结合参加农业部组织的分省灾害评估调查活动,分析了2008年南方低温冰雪灾害的成因,指出是一系列天文、地球物理和大气环流异常因素构成的复杂灾害链所诱发。论述了低温冰雪灾害对南方农业生产的影响,总结了抗灾和补救的对策与措施。反思灾害中的经验教训,提出应健全预警机制和建立救灾物资储备,加强减灾和应急救援的技术储备,积极探索适合国情的农业灾害保险制度,通过提高公众素质和健全法制实现调动全社会的力量减灾。     

煤炭开发建设项目环境影响后评价初步研究

环境影响后评价作为环境影响评价的延伸,是提高环评有效性的有力手段,目前我国环境影响后评价仍处于起步阶段,其理论和实践都具有很强的探索性。煤炭在我国的能源地位突出,但对煤炭开采建设项目的环境影响后评价研究甚少,文章介绍了国内外环境影响后评价的研究进展,并针对煤炭项目,通过识别煤炭开采的环境影响,概述了其评价指标的选取原则、指标体系的构建和评价方法。     

杭州市地面水中多环芳烃污染现状及风险

用HPLC和化学分析法,监测了1999～2002年丰水期和枯水期杭州市地面水中10种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量和COD、BOD5等常规指标.结果表明,10种PAHs浓度范围为0.989～96.21g/L,平均浓度30.82g/L;BaP平均浓度为1.582g/L,污染较为严重;地面水中PAHs浓度和检出率均为丰水期高于枯水期;COD、BOD₅与PAHs总浓度之间没有相关性,因而不能反映地面水PAHs污染的风险;BeP、BaP与PAHs总浓度之间具有较好的线性相关,可作为水体PAHs污染的代表物.常规的自来水处理工艺不能有效地去除源水中微量PAHs等有机污染物,因此地面水特别是饮用源水PAHs污染存在较大的健康风险.     

地下水环境影响一级评价水文地质调查的工作内容和方法

自《环境影响评价技术导则一地下水环境》实施以来,地下水环境影响评价就成为整个建设项目环境影响评价中的难点。本文以对水文地质调查的调查精度要求最高的一级评价为例,从资料收集、野外调查、室内模拟和污染预测几个方面论述一级评价水文地质调查的内容和方法,总结了在此过程中需要注意的几个问题,为广大的水体环境影响评价工作者提供参考。     

关于排污总量监测有关问题的探讨

分析了排污总量监测过程中关于实施总量监测排污口的规范化、优化设置总量监测点位、监测频次和采样方法、超标污染物判别等方面与污染源监督监测的区别以及存在的问题,并提出了相应的对策和措施。     

Numerical model of flow and pollutant transportation in non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinates

The planar 2D k-ε double equations‘ turbulence model was adopted and transformed into non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. The concentration convection-diffusion was introduced to planar 2D SIMPLEC algorithm of flow in non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. The numerical model of pollutant transportation in non-orthogonal curvilinear coordinates was constructed. The model was applied to simulate the flow and pollutant concentration fields. In the testing concentration field, two optimal operations of contamination discharging both along bank and in the centerline at the first bend of the meandering channel were adopted. Comparison with available data showed the model developed was successful, was valuable to engineering application.     

Numerical model to quantify biogenic volatile organic compound emissions: The Pearl River Delta region as a case study

This article compiles the actual knowledge of the biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions estimated using model methods in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, one of the most developed regions in China. The developed history of BVOC emission models is presented briefly and three typical emission models are introduced and compared. The results from local studies related to BVOC emissions have been summarized. Based on this analysis, it is recommended that local researchers conduct BVOC emission studies systematically, from the assessment of model inputs, to compiling regional emission inventories to quantifying the uncertainties and evaluating the model results. Beyond that, more basic researches should be conducted in the future to close the gaps in knowledge on BVOC emission mechanisms, to develop the emission models and to refine the inventory results. This paper can provide a perspective on these aspects in the broad field of research associated with BVOC emissions in the PRD region.     

Quinone-mediated decolorization of sulfonated azo dyes by cells and cell extracts from Sphingomonas xenophaga

The effects of various quinone compounds on the decolorization rates of sulfonated azo dyes by Sphingomonas xenophaga QYY were investigated. The results showed that anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS) was the most effective redox mediator and AQS reduction was the rate-limited step of AQS-mediated decolorization of sulfonated azo dyes. Based on AQS biological toxicity tests, it was assumed that AQS might enter the cells to kill them. In the cytoplasmic extracts from strain QYY, AQS effectively increased decolorization rates of sulfonated azo dyes than other quinone compounds. In addition, we found a NADH/FMN-dependent AQS reductase using nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Native-PAGE).     

Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Pseudomonas sp. JM2 isolated from active sewage sludge of chemical plant

It is important to screen strains that can decompose polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) completely and rapidly with good adaptability for bioremediation in a local area. A bacterial strain JM2, which uses phenanthrene as its sole carbon source, was isolated from the active sewage sludge from a chemical plant in Jilin, China and identified as Pseudomonas based on 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Although the optimal growth conditions were determined to be pH 6.0 and 37℃, JM2 showed a broad pH and temperature profile. At pH 4.5 and 9.3, JM2 could degrade more than 40% of fluorene and phenanthrene (50 mg/L each) within 4 days. In addition, when the temperature was as low as 4℃, JM2 could degrade up to 24% fluorene and 12% phenanthrene. This showed the potential for JM2 to be applied in bioremediation over winter or in cold regions. Moreover, a nutrient augmentation study showed that adding formate into media could promote PAH degradation, while the supplement of salicylate had an inhibitive effect. Furthermore, in a metabolic pathway study, salicylate, phthalic acid, and 9-fluorenone were detected during the degradation of fluorene or phenanthrene. In conclusion, Pseudomonas sp. JM2 is a high performance strain in the degradation of fluorene and phenanthrene under extreme pH and temperature conditions. It might be useful in the bioremediation of PAHs.     

防止井下作业污染环境的工艺技术应用

分析了井下作业施工对环境造成污染的因素，介绍江苏油田在井下作业过程中进行污染防治的措施及其相关配套新工艺、新技术的应用和效果。