海洋环境中的有机锡及其对海洋生物的影响

本文综述了有机锡化占物对海洋环境的冲击及其对海洋生物的影响，介绍了有机锡化合物的分析方法，讨论了有机锡污染的预防和控制措施，并展望了有机锡研究的前景。     

雌二醇、壬基酚和三丁基锡对草金鱼血浆卵黄蛋白原含量的联合效应

雌二醇(17β-estradiol,E2)是生物合成的天然雌激素,壬基酚(nonylphenol,NP)和三丁基锡(tributyltin,TBT)则是人工合成的环境拟雌激素和环境抗雌激素,这3种污染物在自然水体中均广泛分布,给多种水生生物的健康造成威胁,然而其共同存在下的联合效应尚不明确.本文以草金鱼(Carassius auratus)为受试生物,以鱼体血浆中卵黄蛋白原浓度为观测指标,研究雌二醇和壬基酚的雌激素活性及三丁基锡的抗雌激素活性.在单独暴露实验的基础上,研究3种污染物两两联合及三者联合条件下对雄性草金鱼卵黄蛋白原的联合诱导效应.结果表明,雌二醇和壬基酚均能显著诱导雄性草金鱼合成卵黄蛋白原,三丁基锡对雄性和雌性草金鱼卵黄蛋白原含量均无显著影响.雌二醇和壬基酚共暴露时,壬基酚能促进雌二醇的雌激素效应;雌二醇与三丁基锡共暴露时,后者可抑制雌二醇的雌激素效应;3种污染物共同暴露时,三丁基锡也表现为抗雌激素效应.但壬基酚与三丁基锡共暴露时,后者未能抑制壬基酚的雌激素效应.上述结果表明天然雌激素、拟雌激素和抗雌激素之间存在复杂的联合效应,拟雌激素和抗雌激素的毒性效应并非简单地相互抵消,因此在生态风险评价时需全面评估不同类型环境雌激素之间的复合效应.     

石油化工区光化学烟雾模拟模式研究

本工作以上海金山石油化工区为对象,探讨和建立了描述该地区光化学烟雾污染的大气质量模拟模式(简称SJMM),并与1980年10月29日实测数据进行了比较和分析。所用化学模式与国外烟雾箱数据及模式数据进行了对比。结果表明SJMM模式基本上能描述该地区的O_3、NO、NO_2的浓度分布和日变化情况。并利用模式预断了该地区出现光化学烟雾污染的可能性。     

Seasonal variation of nonylphenol concentrations and fluxes with influence of flooding in the Daliao River Estuary, China

Nonylphenol is an endocrine disruptor with harmful effects including feminization and carcinogenesis on various organisms. This study aims to investigate the distribution and ecological risks of nonylphenol in the Daliao River Estuary, China. Nonylphenol, together with other phenolic endocrine disruptors (bisphenol A, 4-t-butylphenol, 4-t-octylphenol, and 2,4-dichlorophenol), was detected in surface water and sediment on three cruises in May 2009, June 2010, and August 2010, respectively. A large flooding occurred during our sampling campaign in August and its effect on nonylphenol concentrations and fluxes in the estuary was therefore evaluated. The results showed that nonylphenol with a concentration range between 83.6–777 ng l^?1 and 1.5–456 ng?g^?1 dw in surface water and sediment was the most abundant among the phenolic compounds, accounting for 59.1–81.0 and 79.9–92.1 % of the total phenolic concentration in surface water and sediment, respectively. The concentrations recorded in May and June were comparable, whereas those in August were considerably higher, mainly due to the flush of flooding. The flooding also caused a 50 times increase in nonylphenol flux from the estuary into the adjacent Bohai Sea. Nonylphenol concentrations in the estuary have exceeded the threshold level of undesirable effects with a potential risk of harm to local species, especially benthic organisms.     

Removal capacity and pathways of phenolic endocrine disruptors in an estuarine wetland of natural reed bed

Phenolic compounds are partly known as endocrine disruptors with various harmful effects including feminization and carcinogenesis at very low concentrations. Consequently, the pathways and removal of these compounds in natural and artificial sewage treatment systems such as wetlands have received wide concern. In this paper, a natural reed bed wetland with an area of 695 ha located in the Liaohe River estuary in Northeast China was employed as a demonstration site to study the retention and removal efficiency of phenolic compounds including 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), bisphenol A (BPA), 4-t-octylphenol (4-t-OP), and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP), and to evaluate their purification capacity via water and mass balance analyses during an irrigation period from May 9 to September 8, 2009. The results showed that the phenolic compounds could be retained in the wetland system and removed through various processes. On average, 27.5% of phenolic compounds could be retained by the wetland substrate during the initial three-day irrigation period with a retention capacity order of 4-t-OP > 4-NP > BPA > DCP. During the following 120 d irrigation period, the phenolic compounds could be efficiently removed with an average percentage of 91.6%. It is estimated that 1.76 kg d⁻¹ of phenolic compounds could be removed by the Liaohe River estuarine wetland (∼8 × 10⁴ ha). The reed bed wetland system therefore provides a feasible mitigation option for phenolic pollutants in sewage and wastewater.     

大庆油田湖泊湿地景观生态设计探讨

采用景观生态设计的方法,将大庆油田职工生活居住区内湖泊湿地的湖盆、湖岸、湿地、水体及植物、地貌、土壤等自然因素作为一个整体,对湖底、湖岸、浅水区、湖滨带等地进行了景观生态设计。该设计方案体现了地方性特征,保护与节约了自然资源,显露了自然特色,达到了对环境影响最小、资本投入少、生态效益最大的设计目的。     

中国职业安全健康标志认证的前景及价值

本文分析了职业安全健康标志应用的必要性和前景,结合国内外先进技术经验,初步设计了基于价值理论的职业安全健康标志的认证和使用制度。与我国现行的生产许可证特种劳防用品强制性认证制度对照,这种社会化自愿形式的认证模式涵盖企业和产品范围更广,认证要求更高,提供个性化服务的功能更强。它是对我国个体防护领域认证制度的一个有益补充,也是接轨全球个体防护产业和产品市场的必要手段。     

灰色聚类关联评估在水环境质量评价中的应用

评价方法是环境质量评价理论的核心,水质评价是水环境容量计算和水资源系统规划管鲤的基础,有其独特的重要性。文章以沱江内江段3个监测断面的水质监测数据为应用实例,选择具有代表性的四项指标作为评价因子,采用灰色聚类关联评估法对其水质质量进行综合评价,通过计算污染物的权重,构造改进的白化函数,进一步计算出灰色关联度,依据《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）通过理论阐述与计算,得出评定结果：沱江内江段水质等级为Ⅱ类。     

改性甘蔗渣对Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附机理

研究了均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)和乙二胺四乙酸二酐(EDTAD)改性甘蔗渣对重金属离子Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附性能,包括吸附动力学和吸附等温线。结果表明,改性后的甘蔗渣对重金属离子Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附容量有显著提高,对Cu2+和Zn2+吸附等温线均符合Langmuir方程,吸附为单分子层吸附。根据Langmuir方程,PMDA和EDTAD改性甘蔗渣对Cu2+的吸附量分别为60.21和33.45 mg/g,对Zn2+的吸附量分别是70.53和36.53 mg/g。两种改性甘蔗渣对两种金属离子的吸附在30 min内均可完成,用准二级吸附动力学方程模拟动力学过程得到较好的线性相关性。以EDTA溶液为洗脱剂对吸附Cu2+和Zn2+的改性甘蔗渣进行洗脱再生,再生的吸附剂可反复使用。     

南水北调中线工程调水前后汉江下游水生态环境特征与响应规律识别

随着我国南水北调中线工程（简称“中线工程”）于2014年底正式通水运行,科学识别调水前后汉江下游水生态环境特征与响应规律,是国家重大水利工程优化调度的迫切管理需求.基于系统收集的2010—2017年汉江下游水文、气象、水质及水生态数据匹配资料,利用多种数据模型方法识别了中线工程调水前后汉江下游主要环境要素特征和响应规律,探索了导致河流生态退化的关键驱动因子及其贡献.结果表明:①中线工程开通后,受丹江口水库下泄流量减少的影响,汉江下游多年平均流量下降了11.5%,流量年内分配趋于不均匀,流量变幅增大,人类活动对汉江下游径流过程的影响更为显著.②调水后汉江下游ρ（TP）、ρ（TN）减小,武汉段ρ（Chla）和藻密度显著上升,汉江下游水华的发生对水文过程改变更加敏感.③基于GAM模型（广义相加模型）的相关分析,调水前后影响汉江下游藻密度变化的关键因子是流量和ρ（TP）,调水前贡献率分别为27.7%和20.5%,调水后贡献率分别为65.4%和20.5%,调水后汉江下游流量对藻密度变化的贡献率显著升高,说明上游调水引起的汉江下游流量减小对水华暴发的影响十分明显,而TP等营养盐的影响相对减弱.