脉冲放电等离子体同时处理地下水中Cr(VI)和阿特拉津的研究

常规地下水修复技术如物理法、化学法和生物法难以同时降解地下水中重金属-有机物复合污染.本文提出多针-板脉冲放电等离子体同时降解地下水中重金属和有机物复合污染的方法 .以Cr(VI)和阿特拉津为目标污染物,研究复合污染中Cr(VI)和阿特拉津浓度、放电电压、溶液初始pH值和地下水中存在的主要离子对Cr(VI)和阿特拉津降解效果的影响,并探究放电过程生成的活性物质对复合污染中Cr(VI)和阿特拉津降解的作用效应.结果表明,相对单一污染物,复合污染物中Cr(VI)或阿特拉津的存在能够消耗放电过程产生的·H和·OH,阻碍其复合,Cr(VI)和阿特拉津在降解过程中产生协同效应.电压为13 kV时,单独处理10 mg·L^-1的Cr(VI)和阿特拉津的降解效率分别为34.0%和51.5%,而复合污染中Cr(VI)和阿特拉津的初始浓度均为10 mg·L^-1时,降解效率分别提高到45.0%和64.1%.放电电压增加,复合污染中Cr(VI)和阿特拉津的降解效率提高,但其能量效率呈下降趋势.增加溶液初始pH值,阿特拉津的降解效率减小,而Cr(VI)的降解效率呈现先...     

南水北调中线工程调水前后汉江下游水生态环境特征与响应规律识别

随着我国南水北调中线工程（简称“中线工程”）于2014年底正式通水运行,科学识别调水前后汉江下游水生态环境特征与响应规律,是国家重大水利工程优化调度的迫切管理需求.基于系统收集的2010—2017年汉江下游水文、气象、水质及水生态数据匹配资料,利用多种数据模型方法识别了中线工程调水前后汉江下游主要环境要素特征和响应规律,探索了导致河流生态退化的关键驱动因子及其贡献.结果表明:①中线工程开通后,受丹江口水库下泄流量减少的影响,汉江下游多年平均流量下降了11.5%,流量年内分配趋于不均匀,流量变幅增大,人类活动对汉江下游径流过程的影响更为显著.②调水后汉江下游ρ（TP）、ρ（TN）减小,武汉段ρ（Chla）和藻密度显著上升,汉江下游水华的发生对水文过程改变更加敏感.③基于GAM模型（广义相加模型）的相关分析,调水前后影响汉江下游藻密度变化的关键因子是流量和ρ（TP）,调水前贡献率分别为27.7%和20.5%,调水后贡献率分别为65.4%和20.5%,调水后汉江下游流量对藻密度变化的贡献率显著升高,说明上游调水引起的汉江下游流量减小对水华暴发的影响十分明显,而TP等营养盐的影响相对减弱.      

Experimental study on the feasibility of explosion suppression by vacuum chambers

In view of the invalidity of suppression and isolation apparatus for gas explosion, a closed vacuum chamber structure for explosion suppression with a fragile plane was designed on the base of the suction of vacuum. Using methane as combustible gas, a series of experiments on gas explosion were carried out to check the feasibility of the vacuum chamber suppressing explosion by changing methane concentration and geometric structure of the vacuum chamber. When the vacuum chamber was not connected to the tunnel, detonation would happen in the tunnel at methane volume fraction from 9.3% to 11.5%, with flame propagation velocity exceeding 2000 m/s, maximum peak value overpressure reaching 0.7 MPa, and specific impulse of shock wave running up to 20 kPa s. When the vacuum chamber with 5/34 of the tunnel volume was connected to the flank of the tunnel, gas explosion of the same concentration would greatly weaken with flame propagation velocity declining to about 200 m/s, the quenching distance decreasing to 3/4 of the tunnel length, maximum peak value overpressure running down to 0.1-0.15 MPa and specific impulse of shock wave below 0.9 kPa s. The closer the position accessed to the ignition end, the greater explosion intensity weakened. There was no significant difference between larger section and smaller vacuum chambers in degree of maximum peak value overpressure and specific impulse declining, except that quenching fire effect of the former was superior to the latter. The distance of fire quenching could be improved by increasing the number of the vacuum chambers.