Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution on soybean stalk-based carbon

Soybean [ (L.) Merr.] stalk-based carbons were prepared by phosphoric acid activation at different carbonization temperatures. Characteristics of the prepared carbon, including specific surface area, iodine number, and amount of methylene blue sorption, were determined. Experiments on phenanthrene, naphthalene, and acenaphthene, as representatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), removal from aqueous solution by the prepared carbon were conducted at different levels of carbon addition. The results indicated that the specific surface area, iodine number, and amount of methylene blue sorption increased with an increase of carbonization temperature. The maximum values were observed at 700°C and were 287.63 m g, 508.99 mg g, and 90.14 mg g, respectively. The removal efficiencies of phenanthrene, naphthalene, and acenaphthene tended to increase with increasing carbon amounts and carbonization temperature. The optimal removal performance was obtained under the experimental conditions of carbon concentrations of 0.04 g 32 mL and carbonization temperature of 700°C, and the removal efficiencies of phenanthrene, naphthalene, and acenaphthene were 99.89, 100, and 95.64%, respectively. The performance of the prepared carbon was superior to that of commercial activated carbon. Additionally, for the same carbon concentrations, the removal efficiency of PAHs on prepared carbons followed the order: phenanthrene > naphthalene > acenaphthene. Results obtained from this work provide some insight into the reuse of an agricultural residue, and also provide a new application for the treatment of PAHs in contaminated water utilizing activated carbon prepared from agricultural residues.     

CS2在TiO2表面的多相光化学反应研究

本文运用原位漫反射红外光谱(DRIFTS)、GC、XPS等手段研究了CS2在大气半导体颗粒TiO2表面的多相光化学反应.结果表明在模拟太阳光照射下,低浓度的CS2(8.1 mg·m(-3))在TiO2:表面发生多相光化学反应,生成气态产物cos、H2S、SO2,进而在颗粒物表面生成硫酸盐.在氧气体积浓度为21%,氙灯照...     

Chemical composition of precipitation and its sources in Hangzhou, China

To understand the origin and chemical characteristics of precipitation in Hangzhou, rainwater samples were collected from June 2006 to May 2008. All samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, and major ions (NH??, Ca2?, Mg2?, Na?, K?, SO?2?, NO??, F?, and Cl?). Acidification of precipitation in Hangzhou was serious with volume-weighted mean pH value of 4.5, while frequency of acid rain was 95%. The calculated SO?2?/NO?? ratio in Hangzhou precipitation was 2.87, which indicated that the precipitation of Hangzhou belonged to sulfate-based acid rain. The results of acid neutralization analysis showed that not all the acidity in the precipitation of Hangzhou was neutralized by alkaline constituents. The results of sea salt contribution analysis showed that nearly all SO?2?, Ca2?, and Mg2? and 33.7% of K? were of non-sea origins, while all Na? and Cl? and 66.3% of K? originated from sea sources. The principal component analysis which was used to analyze the sources of various ions indicated that chemical compositions of precipitation in Hangzhou mainly came from terrestrial sources, factory emissions, fuel wood burning, and marine sources.     

龙羊峡水库地震溃坝的可能性及溃坝洪灾程度的分析

讨论了龙羊峡库区将来发生大地震的可能性;分析了万一产生溃坝的灾害链问题。计算了其溃坝后洪水到达下游贵德县、康扬镇、尖扎县、循化县和兰州市的洪水最大流量、洪水起涨时间和消退时间。     

生物炭施用对紫色土旱坡地土壤氮流失形态及通量的影响

明确生物炭施用对紫色土旱坡地土壤氮流失形态及通量的影响,为提升紫色土旱坡地耕地质量及减少紫色土旱坡地农业面源污染发生风险提供科学依据.以油菜/玉米轮作农田生态系统为研究对象,通过田间试验,研究了不施肥(对照)、常规施肥、优化施肥及生物炭(化肥减量配施生物炭)这4个处理对紫色土旱坡地地表径流和壤中流氮素流失形态及通量的影响.结果表明:①在各施肥处理中,常规处理总径流量最大,为16 133 L·a~(-1),生物炭处理总径流量最小,为11 893 L·a~(-1).各施肥处理以壤中流为主要径流方式,壤中流流失量占总流失量的61.80%～68.60%;与对照(不施肥处理)相比,其余各施肥处理泥沙流失量均有所降低,其中常规处理降低的效果最明显.②铵态氮主要通过地表径流流失,占总流失通量的86.51%～96.58%;铵态氮流失通量最大的为施生物炭处理[0.69 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)].③各施肥处理产流中的颗粒态氮浓度均高于对照处理,且常规施肥处理的颗粒态氮流失通量最大,为2.87 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1).④各施肥处理的壤中流和地表径流中的全氮浓度和硝态氮浓度均存在极显著正相关关系(P0.01).硝态氮是全氮流失的主要形态,且二者均以壤中流为主要流失途径;全氮通过壤中流流失占比为72.86%～89.13%,且常规施肥处理的全氮总流失通量最大,为35.58 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),而施生物炭处理全氮总流失通量最小,为21.49 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1).化肥减量配施生物炭能明显降低径流量和氮的流失通量,可有效阻控农业面源污染发生的风险.     

海盐非均相反应对山东沿海大气O3浓度的影响

通过改进WRF-CMAQ模型中非均相反应模块,定量研究了2017年夏季和冬季海盐与含氮气体非均相反应对我国山东沿海地区大气O₃浓度的影响.模拟结果表明,考虑海盐气溶胶非均相反应后,山东沿海地区夏季O₃小时浓度增加了0.2×10^-9~6.6×10^-9（0.5%~15.5%）,冬季增加了0.8×10^-9~15.3×10^-9（1.7%~27.4%）,ClNO₂在夏季和冬季分别增加了100×10^-12~250×10^-12,300×10^-12~650×10^-12;夏季O₃浓度增加主要集中在山东东部,而冬季O₃的增加则覆盖了山东大部分地区,表明海盐非均相反应对冬季O₃的影响强度及范围均明显高于夏季.海盐非均相反应引起的O₃浓度增加主要发生在日间,特别是8：00~16：00.该反应对渤海及南黄海大气O₃浓度也有影响,且在这些海域生成的O₃可通过4条传输路径影响山东沿海地区,甚至可影响到济南、菏泽等山东中西部地区（距离山东东部海岸线~350km）;海洋大气中O₃的传输可造成山东东部沿海O₃浓度升高0.2×10^-9~15.3×10^-9,山东中西部O₃升高0.3×10^-9~6.2×10^-9.     

CRI系统厌氧氨氧化协同反硝化脱氮的启动及性能

为进一步提高脱氮效率,该文采用人工快渗(CRJ)系统作为厌氧氨氧化反应器,考察了有机物添加对氮素污染物转化及菌群结构的影响,探讨了厌氧氨氧化协同反硝化脱氮的可行性.结果 表明,通过逐步提高进水COD浓度至20 mg/L,可在49d内实现CRI系统厌氧氨氧化协同反硝化的快速启动,稳定运行期间TN平均去除率达到98.1％,相比未添加有机物时启动周期缩短了11d,TN平均去除率提高了7.3％.当进水COD浓度提高至25 mg/L时,厌氧氨氧化对脱氮的贡献率降低了27.2％,主要厌氧氨氧化功能菌属Candidatus Kuenenia的相对丰度降至12.42％,而反硝化功能菌属Flavobacterium的相对丰度升至11.16％,反硝化菌与厌氧氨氧化菌竞争反应基质而导致厌氧氨氧化活性被削弱,TN平均去除率下降了13.5％.因此,将进水有机物浓度控制在适宜范围时可有效改善厌氧氨氧化的脱氮性能.     

Influence of particle size on the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles: Role of structural hydration layer

More and more attention has been paid to the aggregation behavior of nanoparticles, but little research has been done on the effect of particle size. Therefore, this study systematically evaluated the aggregation behavior of nano-silica particles with diameter 130–480 nm at different initial particle concentration, pH, ionic strength, and ionic valence of electrolytes. The modified Smoluchowski theory failed to describe the aggregation kinetics for nano-silica particles with diameters less than 190 nm. Besides, ionic strength, cation species and pH all affected fast aggregation rate coefficients of 130 nm nanoparticles. Through incorporating structural hydration force into the modified Smoluchowski theory, it is found that the reason for all the anomalous aggregation behavior was the different structural hydration layer thickness of nanoparticles with various sizes. The thickness decreased with increasing of particle size, and remained basically unchanged for particles larger than 190 nm. Only when the distance at primary minimum was twice the thickness of structural hydration layer, the structural hydration force dominated, leading to the higher stability of nanoparticles. This study clearly clarified the unique aggregation mechanism of nanoparticles with smaller size, which provided reference for predicting transport and fate of nanoparticles and could help facilitate the evaluation of their environment risks.     

Techno-economic characteristics of wastewater treatment plants retrofitted from the conventional activated sludge process to the membrane bioreactor process

• Retrofitting from CAS to MBR increased effluent quality and environmental benefits. • Retrofitting from CAS to MBR increased energy consumption but not operating cost. • Retrofitting from CAS to MBR increased the net profit and cost efficiency. • The advantage of MBR is related to the adopted effluent standard. • The techno-economy of MBR improves with stricter effluent standards. While a growing number of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are being retrofitted from the conventional activated sludge (CAS) process to the membrane bioreactor (MBR) process, the debate on the techno-economy of MBR vs. CAS has continued and calls for a thorough assessment based on techno-economic valuation. In this study, we analyzed the operating data of 20 large-scale WWTPs (capacity≥10000 m³/d) and compared their techno-economy before and after the retrofitting from CAS to MBR. Through cost-benefit analysis, we evaluated the net profit by subtracting the operating cost from the environmental benefit (estimated by the shadow price of pollutant removal and water reclamation). After the retrofitting, the removal rate of pollutants increased (e.g., from 89.0% to 93.3% on average for NH₃-N), the average energy consumption increased from 0.40 to 0.57 kWh/m³, but the operating cost did not increase significantly. The average marginal environmental benefit increased remarkably (from 0.47 to 0.66 CNY/g for NH₃-N removal), leading to an increase in the average net profit from 19.4 to 24.4 CNY/m³. We further scored the technical efficiencies via data envelopment analysis based on non-radial directional distance functions. After the retrofitting, the relative cost efficiency increased from 0.70 to 0.73 (the theoretical maximum is 1), while the relative energy efficiency did not change significantly. The techno-economy is closely related to the effluent standard adopted, particularly when truncating the extra benefit of pollutant removal beyond the standard in economic modeling. The modeling results suggested that MBR is more profitable than CAS given stricter effluent standards.