零价铁修复受三氯乙烯污染地下水的实验研究

通过批实验和柱实验研究了三氯乙烯（TCE）初始浓度、四氯乙烯(PCE)等对零价铁去除三氯乙烯的影响,并建立了三氯乙烯降解的反应动力学方程。结果表明：（1）零价铁对TCE具有较好的降解效果,反应符合准一级反应动力学方程,表观反应速率常数随TCE浓度的增加而减小;（2）在铁粉充足的条件下,TCE初始浓度对降解效果影响不显著,且TCE去除率皆可达到90%以上;（3）PCE的存在抑制了TCE的脱氯反应。PCE和TCE共存时,TCE的最大去除率仅为64.2%;TCE脱氯反应的表观反应速率明显降低,反应半衰期由TCE单独存在时的6.8～9.7 h增大到66 h～346.5 h。     

Evaluation of the thermal/optical reflectance method for quantification of elemental carbon in sediments

The IMPROVE thermal/optical reflectance (TOR) method, commonly used for EC quantification in atmospheric aerosols, is applied to soils and sediments and compared with a thermochemical method commonly applied to these non-atmospheric samples. TOR determines elemental carbon (EC) by an optical method, but it also yields thermally defined EC fractions in a 2% O2/98% He oxidizing atmosphere at 550 degrees C (EC1), 700 degrees C (EC2), and 800 degrees C (EC3). Replicate TOR TC, OC, and EC values exhibited precisions of approximately +/-10% as determined from multiple analyses of the same samples. EC abundances relative to total mass concentrations were within the ranges reported by other methods for diesel exhaust soot, n-hexane soot, wood and rice chars, and coals, as well as for environmental matrices. A direct comparison with the chemothermal (CTO) method of Gustafson et al. for ten soil and sediment samples demonstrated that almost all of the OC and EC1 are eliminated, as is part of the EC2. The CTO soot carbon is bounded by the EC3 and EC2+EC3 fractions of the IMPROVE TOR analysis. It might be possible to adjust these fractions to obtain better agreement between atmospheric aerosol and soil/sediment analysis methods. Given its linking the EC measurement in the atmosphere to sediments, the TOR method will not only provide useful information on the explanation and comparison between different environmental matrices, but also can be used to derive information on global cycling of EC.     

印染废水处理的磁混凝-高梯度磁分离协同作用

混凝过程作为工业废水的预处理技术普遍受到重视,在混凝过程中降低污泥产生量并提高污泥分离速度是该技术发展的方向,基于上述目标,通过将磁粉引入絮体使之磁化并在自行研制的高梯度磁分离装置中实现磁混凝与磁分离的协同作用.以高浊度的印染废水作为试验废水,以色度、COD及SS作为考核指标,重点考察了磁混凝反应及磁分离的影响因素.当印染废水的色度约为900倍、COD约为595 mg/L、SS约为500 mg/L时,在pH=8.5、FeSO4500 mg/L、PAM3.5 mg/L、磁粉400 mg/L的适宜磁混凝反应条件下,相应指标去除率比传统混凝法分别高出17.3%、21.7%及24.2%,此时絮团沉降速度增大了64.3%,污泥体积减少了61%,污泥压缩比为0.39.在电流强度8 A、流速2.5 L/min和介质填充率1%的操作条件下,该磁性絮体流经高梯度磁分离装置时的水力表面负荷达到61.0 m3/m2·h,处理出水达到国家二级排放标准.     

某市南郊水源地土壤四氯化碳污染特征

含四氯化碳废水在排放的过程中沿排污渠侧壁和底部的渗漏对土壤造成污染.在对某市南郊受四氯化碳污染的水源地进行钻孔检测的过程中发现,土壤四氯化碳污染的特征:靠近排污沟的钻孔均检测出四氯化碳,而远离排污沟的钻孔则未检出;四氯化碳的垂向分布存在不连续性,且受降雨影响较大;大部分钻孔浅层土壤中基本未检测到四氯化碳,而在3 m以下的土层和基岩中检测到四氯化碳;抽水井的抽水行为导致抽水井附近土壤中四氯化碳明显高于其他钻孔点位检测结果.     

钴磷合金催化剂的制备及其催化分解磷化氢的研究

采用诱导化学沉积法制备系列Co-P合金,并将其引入PH3的分解试验.结果表明,所有样品均具有在较低温度下催化分解PH3的性能,且测定的表观催化反应温度随合金中磷质量分数的升高而降低,当磷的质量分数≥7.7%时,表观催化反应温度＜450 ℃.选取Co86.3P13.7样品进行催化分解PH3气体的研究表明,实验条件下,PH3分解率随催化反应温度的升高呈现先增后减的趋势,但随总通气流量QPH3 QN2或通气量比QN2∶QPH3的增大而降低.控制催化反应温度为470 ℃、PH3进气流量QPH3=4～6 mL/min、通气比QN2∶QPH3=33～35时,催化剂可发挥最佳的催化性能,此时PH3的分解率达95%以上.对Co86.3P13.7不同处理温度下的X射线衍射(XRD)表征分析表明,样品在催化反应温度下发生晶化,有磷化物Co2P析出,但催化反应测试温度范围内晶化后的催化剂基本保持稳定.     

油田含油污泥超声脱油的研究

在油田含油污泥的热洗处理中引入超声辐照处理技术,研究考察了超声脱油技术中超声强度,超声辐照时间,含油污泥预热温度,清洗液用量和清洗液回用4个试验操作条件对污泥脱油的影响,认为在优化条件（超声发生器输出电压175 V,辐照时间15 min,预热温度55 ℃,清洗液和含油污泥以质量比8∶1）下,超声脱油技术可以把污泥的干基油含量由0.35 g/g降低到0.14 g/g,同时也证明清洗液可以反复使用。根据简单的经济核算,处理1 t含油污泥可以产出66元的效益。研究表明,使用超声处理可以有效地提高含油污泥的污油脱除效率,明显降低污泥清洗的操作温度。     

高炉煤气袋式除尘系统的问题及改进

钢铁生产会产生大量的煤气.袋式除尘是高炉煤气除尘的发展方向.对重钢高炉煤气袋式除尘系统问题的分析研究结果表明:要使钢铁企业煤气除尘系统更高效、低耗、环保的运行,必须采用灵活、可操作性强的煤气温度调节手段,选择适宜的阀门和喷吹控制方式,优化除尘灰的保温模式和卸灰设备的结构等.     

Industrial metabolism of chlorine: a case study of a chlor-alkali industrial chain

Substance flow analysis (SFA) is applied to a case study of chlorine metabolism in a chlor-alkali industrial chain. A chain-level SFA model is constructed, and eight indices are proposed to analyze and evaluate the metabolic status of elemental chlorine. The primary objectives of this study are to identify low-efficiency links in production processes and to find ways to improve the operational performance of the industrial chain. Five-year in-depth data collection and analysis revealed that system production efficiency and source efficiency continued increasing since 2008, i.e., when the chain was first formed, at average annual growth rates of 21.01 % and 1.01 %, respectively. In 2011, 64.15 % of the total chlorine input was transformed into final products. That is, as high as 98.50 % of the chlorine inputs were utilized when other by-products were counted. Chlorine loss occurred mostly in the form of chloride ions in wastewater, and the system loss rate was 0.54 %. The metabolic efficiency of chlorine in this case was high, and the chain system had minimal impact on the environment. However, from the perspectives of processing depth and economic output, the case study of a chlor-alkali industrial chain still requires expansion.     

镁铝水滑石及焙烧产物去除水中的天然有机物

为有效去除饮用水中天然有机物,提高水处理效果,本研究对比分析了合成镁铝水滑石及其在200℃、500℃和800℃下的焙烧产物对腐植酸、富里酸在不同pH与温度影响下的吸附去除性能及机理。结果表明,吸附效果有明显的差别,吸附不是简单单分子层物理吸附,存在一定程度的化学作用机理。其中500℃焙烧产物对腐殖酸与富里酸的吸附效果最好,对HA与FA的最大吸附量分别为105.2 mg/g和100.3 mg/g。     

餐厨垃圾两相厌氧发酵产甲烷相恶臭排放规律

为了研究餐厨垃圾两相厌氧发酵产甲烷相恶臭排放规律,在中温（35℃）条件下,以餐厨垃圾为发酵底物进行中试规模的两相连续式厌氧发酵试验,并对一个周期内不同时间段产甲烷相产生的气体进行采样,分析其臭气浓度和物质浓度,结合各组分的阈稀释倍数,筛选出主要的恶臭污染物。结果表明,在发酵系统稳定运行阶段,产甲烷相产生的臭气浓度较大,都在23万以上;产甲烷相产生的恶臭物质主要包括硫化物、萜烯类、含氧类和芳烃类四类化合物,其中质量浓度最高的恶臭物质是硫化氢,超过了150 mg/m3;产甲烷相的主要致臭物质是硫化物,其中贡献最大的是硫化氢,其阈稀释倍数都在26万以上,其次为乙硫醇﹥甲硫醇﹥乙硫醚,这3种物质的阈稀释倍数都在4 000以上;除了这4种硫化物,丁醛对恶臭的贡献也比较大,其阈稀释倍数也在4 000以上。