Positive matrix factorization as source apportionment of soil lead and cadmium around a battery plant (Changxing County,China)

Chemical compositions of soil samples are multivariate in nature and provide datasets suitable for the application of multivariate factor analytical techniques. One of the analytical techniques, the positive matrix factorization (PMF), uses a weighted least square by fitting the data matrix to determine the weights of the sources based on the error estimates of each data point. In this research, PMF was employed to apportion the sources of heavy metals in 104 soil samples taken within a 1-km radius of a lead battery plant contaminated site in Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, China. The site is heavily contaminated with high concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). PMF successfully partitioned the variances into sources related to soil background, agronomic practices, and the lead battery plants combined with a geostatistical approach. It was estimated that the lead battery plants and the agronomic practices contributed 55.37 and 29.28 %, respectively, for soil Pb of the total source. Soil Cd mainly came from the lead battery plants (65.92 %), followed by the agronomic practices (21.65 %), and soil parent materials (12.43 %). This research indicates that PMF combined with geostatistics is a useful tool for source identification and apportionment.     

近十年重庆市NDVI变化及对气温降水的旬响应特征分析

在利用SPOT VGT NDVI旬数据、重庆市及周边20个气象站点1999~2010年日气温与降水数据以及研究区相关图件资料的基础上,运用均值法、差值法、趋势线分析和时滞互相关分析法分析重庆市NDVI变化的时空特征及旬平均NDVI与旬均温和旬降水的相关性以及时滞情况。结果表明：1999~2010年重庆市NDVI呈稳步上升趋势;NDVI下降的区域主要集中在渝西北、渝东北、渝南等三峡库区的外围;NDVI与气温和降水之间存在较强的相关性,且NDVI与气温较与降水之间的相关性更强,表明在研究区气温对NDVI的影响大于降水;NDVI与气温和降水之间的相关性和时滞情况存在明显的东南-西北差异,东南地区时滞较长、相关性低,西北地区时滞较短,相关性高;各植被类型NDVI与气温和降水的相关程度高低以及响应速度的快慢决定于各植被类型的生长发育规律及其对气温或降水要求的高低     

钱塘江引水降氮示范工程的构建和运行研究

针对杭州西湖钱塘江引水低碳高氮的特点,提出以改性水草塘—复合垂直流人工湿地(IVCW)相耦合的生物—生态工艺进行引水处理,对该引水降氮示范工程的构建和运行效果进行了跟踪研究。结果表明,整个稳定运行期间(2012年7月19日至11月19日),耦合工艺对COD、TN、硝酸盐氮、TP的平均去除率分别为52.27%、52.49%、53.69%、52.79%,系统出水满足《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅳ标准;改性水草塘和IVCW单元作为耦合工艺的两个重要组成部分,在脱氮、除磷方面优势互补,从而共同保证出水水质的稳定;在改性水草塘单元,温度与COD的去除效果呈负相关关系,进水C/N与TN去除效果呈正相关关系;而在IVCW单元,温度与COD、TN的去除效果均呈线性正相关关系,进水C/N与两者的去除效果也呈正相关关系,且对COD的影响要大于对TN的影响。     

The influences of pH and ionic strength on the sorption of tylosin on goethite

As one of the widely used antibiotics in the world, the environmental risks of tylosin (TYL) received more and more attention. In order to assess its environmental fate and ecological effects accurately, it is necessary to understand the sorption properties of TYL on the soils/sediments. The sorption of TYL on goethite at different pH and ionic strength conditions were measured through a series of batch experiments and the sorption data of TYL were fitted by Freundlich and dual-mode sorption models. It was obvious that sorption was strongly dependent on pH and ionic strength. Sorption capacity of TYL increased as the pH increased and ionic strength decreased. The pH and ionic strength-dependent trends might be related with complexation between cationic/neutral TYL species and goethite. The sorption affinity of TYL on goethite decreased as ionic strength increased, which only occurred at higher TYL concentrations, suggested that inner complex might have dominated process at low concentrations and outer complex might occur at higher concentrations of TYL. Spectroscopic evidence indicated that tricarbonylamide and hydroxyl functional groups of TYL might be accounted for the sorption on mineral surfaces. The experimental data of TYL sorption could be fitted by surface complexation model (FITEQL), indicating that ≡FeOH with TYL interaction could be reasonably represented as a complex formation of a monoacid with discrete sites on goethite. The sorption mechanism of TYL might be related with surface complexation, electrostatic repulsion, and H-bounding on goethite. It should be noticed that the heterogeneous of sorption affinity of TYL on goethite at various environment to assess its environment risk.     

大宝山矿区水体和沉积物中重金属的污染评价

分别于丰水期和枯水期对广东省大宝山矿区铁龙拦泥坝至凉桥河段水体中溶解态的重金属进行了调查,应用EPA推荐的健康风险评价模型发现,水体中非致癌物通过饮水途径所导致平均个人年风险排列顺序是Cu〉Pb〉Zn,最大值的平均个人年风险在丰水期和枯水期的平均值分别是2.14×10-7 a-1和4.13×10-7 a-1,小于国际防辐射委员会（ICRP）推荐的最大可接受平均个人年风险5.0×10-5a-1。致癌物Cd的平均个人年风险在丰水期和枯水期的平均值分别是3.52×10-4 a-1和4.53×10-4 a-1,大于ICRP推荐的最大可接受值,同时也大于非致癌物3～4个数量级。另外,通过对枯水期沉积物的重金属总量分析,发现凉桥槽对坑支流受水体pH的影响,导致其沉积物重金属的浓度最高。根据Long和Macdonald利用生物效应数据库法建立的沉积物质量基准,发现除冷水泾外,其他采样点的平均效应中值指数（mERMQ）值都大于1.5,可见沉积物中的重金属会对当地底栖生物产生毒害作用。     

铁炭微电解法预处理超高盐榨菜腌制废水

超高盐榨菜腌制废水是高盐、高氮磷及高有机物废水,目前常采用生物方法进行处理,但因高污染物浓度及高盐度影响,处理效果不够理想;因此,选用铁炭微电解法对超高盐榨菜腌制废水进行预处理。通过静态烧杯实验,研究了反应时间、初始pH、铁炭体积比和铁水体积比对COD和氨氮去除率的影响。单因素实验的最佳处理条件：原水pH4～4．5,反应时间为30min,铁炭体积比为1：1,铁水体积比为2：1,出水COD和氨氮的去除率分别为57．29％和53．11％,盐度由原水的6．62％下降为3．63％,去除率达45．17％,pH由原水4．01升高为6．38。正交实验结果表明,影响COD和氨氮去除率的因素从大到小的顺序为：铁水体积比、初始pH、反应时间、铁炭体积比。实验表明,采用铁炭微电解法能够对超高盐榨菜腌制废水中的COD和氨氮进行有效去除,出水的pH升高和盐度下降,能满足后续生物处理的预处理要求。     

Occurrence,sorption, and transformation of free and conjugated natural steroid estrogens in the environment

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Natural steroid estrogens (NSEs), including free estrogens (FEs) and conjugated estrogens (CEs), are of emerging concern globally among public and...     

公路地表灰尘及径流中颗粒物附着重金属对比研究

对北京城区北三环上北太平桥以西约300 m处路段地表灰尘及径流中不同粒径颗粒物附着重金属载荷进行对比研究.结果表明:(1)随着颗粒物粒径的增大,地表灰尘中颗粒物附着重金属浓度总体上逐渐降低;地表灰尘中<40.00 μm颗粒物附着重金属浓度最高;重金属载荷分布集中度不强,但主要集中在地表灰尘中<300.00 μm的颗粒物L.(2)地表径流中大部分重金属附着在<125.00 μm颗粒物上;0.45～10.00 μm颗粒物附着重金属载荷最高;0.45～40.00 μm颗粒物附着重金属载荷平均为77.1%.(3)地表灰尘中<40.00 μm的颗粒物的潜在水环境风险不太突出,但是其实际水环境影响却起主导作用.(4)进入水体的小粒径颗粒物质量分数升高是地表灰尘和径流重金届载荷随颗粒物粒径分布不同的重要原因之一;大气湿沉降对小粒径颗粒物重金属载荷可能会有一定的影响.     

汶川地震对自然保护区的生态影响评估及对策

四川汶川地震给人们的生命财产造成了巨大损失,同时也严重破坏了当地的生态环境,尤其对该区域分布的大量具有国际意义的自然保护区造成严重威胁,给区域生态安全带来巨大的隐患。本文在对受灾省份自然保护区损失调查结果统计分析的基础上,初步掌握灾区自然保护区基础状况,分析比较震前和震后生态环境变化,调查地震造成的自然保护区损失情况,分析了面临的生态风险,并相应提出了自然保护区恢复重建的对策建议。     

冰雪灾害危机事件演化及衍生链特征分析

运用复杂网络的相关理论知识,在冰雪灾害危机事件演化机理研究的基础上对冰雪灾害危机事件演化构成和衍生链特征进行了分析.以2008年冰雪灾害危机事件演化为例将冰雪灾害危机事件演化划分为4种类型,构建了冰雪灾害危机事件演化的网络结构.在此基础上总结了冰雪灾害危机事件衍生链的特征,并对冰雪灾害危机事件演化特征进行了分析,为控制冰雪灾害危机事件的演化提供了理论依据.