Objective: Texting while driving is highly prevalent among adolescents and young adults in the United States. Texting while driving can significantly increase the risk of road crashes and is associated with other risky driving behaviors. Most states have enacted distracted driving laws to prohibit texting while driving. This study examines effects of different all-driver distracted driving laws on texting while driving among high school students.
Methods: High school student data were extracted from the 2013 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Distracted driving law information was collected from the National Conference of State Legislatures. The final sample included 6,168 high school students above the restricted driving age in their states and with access to a vehicle. Logistic regression was applied to estimate odds ratios of laws on texting while driving.
Results: All-driver text messaging bans with primary enforcement were associated with a significant reduction in odds of texting while driving among high school students (odds ratio = 0.703; 95% confidence interval, 0.513–0.964), whereas all-driver phone use bans with primary enforcement did not have a significant association with texting while driving (odds ratio = 0.846; 95% confidence interval, 0.501–1.429).
Conclusions: The findings indicate that all-driver distracted driving laws that specifically target texting while driving as opposed to all types of phone use are effective in reducing the behavior among high school students. 相似文献
针对烃类污染土壤的修复,本文采用热强化土壤气相抽提(soil vapor extraction,SVE)技术,分别研究了通气、土壤物性和温度等参数对污染土壤中挥发性有机物脱除效率的影响规律。结果表明:延长通气时间,出口浓度(LEL%)逐步降低,最后进入拖尾期,连续通气比间断通气更利于土壤中烃类污染物的去除,适当加大通气流速可提高去除效率。适当增大土壤粒径有利于有机物组分的迁移,且沸点低的碳氢(hydrogen and carbureted,HC)组分更易去除。床层加热方式较气体加热方式去除效率高。综合分析,通气速率和温度是影响去除效率的最主要因素,80 m L/min的通气流速、连续通气、80℃的床层温度为最优参数,吹脱时间为250 min时出口浓度(LEL%)达到6%。 相似文献