碳交易政策如何影响工业碳生产率:来自中国省级数据的准自然实验

当前,在中国奋力实现"碳达峰"碳中和"目标的背景下,不仅给碳排放量相对较高的工业企业带来较大环境治理压力,同时也给其在经济增长方面带来较大冲击.对其随着碳交易政策的提出,是否能够产生"减碳促经"效果展开深入研究.基于2005~2019年30个省市数据,通过双重差分等方法和多重中介效应模型对碳交易政策与工业碳生产率的影响效果和作用路径展开深入分析.结果表明,碳交易政策能够明显提升工业碳生产率水平;同时该种作用效果会随着试点区域的不同存在明显差异;该政策能够产生显著的环境规制、结构优化、技术和能源结构优化效应.建议通过加速完善环境规制层面法律制度、加快构建环保产业发展新体系、加强绿色技术创新研发力度和加速优化能源结构方面促进中国工业经济向低碳化发展转型.     

中国地表水硝酸盐分布及其来源分析

地表水硝酸盐污染已经受到世界研究者的广泛关注,中国地表水系统硝酸盐污染情况也不容乐观.为了解中国地表水硝酸盐分布、来源和转化机制,本研究系统收集了全国7大地区的71条主要河流硝酸盐数据,分析了地表水硝酸盐的分布及污染情况,并且通过硝酸盐氮氧同位素特征值揭示了不同地区、不同流域水体硝酸盐的主要来源.结果表明,我国7.83%河流硝酸盐质量浓度超过了标准限值（45 mg·L^-1）.牡丹江、海河和长江入海口的硝酸盐质量浓度超过90 mg·L^-1,呈现重度污染现象.中国地表水δ15N-NO₃和δ18O-NO₃特征值范围分别为-23.5‰~26.99‰和-12.7‰~83.5‰.研究表明：东北、华中、华东地区地表水硝酸盐主要来源为生活污水,西北和华北地区地表水硝酸盐主要来源为生活污水、无机化肥和土壤有机质硝化,西南和华南地区地表水硝酸盐主要来源为无机化肥和生活污水.通过相关性分析得到中国地表水硝酸盐质量浓度与常住人口、废水排放量、农用氮肥施用折纯量和人均GDP呈正相关关系.解决污染问题和防止中国地表水进一步污染迫在眉睫,中国政府出台的新的水十条解决了之前的不足,但是控制和修复地表水污染还需要几十年的努力.西北、华北、西南和华南地区不仅要增加城市、县区污水处理厂运行规模,政府还要控制和管理农业化肥的使用量.东北、华中和华东地区需要进一步控制点源污染,减少工业废水和生活污水排放到河流.     

表层沉积物中6:2氟调醇生物降解对细菌群落结构的影响

6∶2氟调醇(6∶2 FTOH)是一种多氟烷基物质,近年被广泛用于工业和消费品中,对环境有潜在威胁,但目前关于6∶2FTOH及其降解产物对沉积物中微生物群落结构的影响还不清楚.本研究的目的是通过基因分析方法探索6∶2 FTOH生物降解对表层沉积物中细菌群落结构的影响.从天津海河采集表层沉积物和河水,在实验室进行微宇宙实验,通过LC-MS/MS测定6∶2 FTOH及其降解产物的浓度,通过变性梯度凝胶电泳和高通量测序分析细菌的群落结构.结果表明,6∶2 FTOH在微生物的作用下可发生降解(半衰期小于3 d),生成6∶2 FTCA、6∶2 FTUCA等中间产物和5∶2 FT Ketone、5∶2 s FTOH、PFHx A、PFPe A、PFBA、5∶3 Acid等稳定产物,该过程对沉积物细菌群落结构产生明显影响,引起细菌群落丰富度和多样性的变化.在6∶2 FTOH降解的不同阶段,细菌的变化和优势菌群略有不同.根据100 d的实验结果,从门的分类水平看,6∶2 FTOH生物降解引起绿弯菌门丰度大幅上升(+24.8%)、变形菌门和厚壁菌门丰度大幅下降(-17.8%和-15.9%).从纲的分类水平看,6∶2 FTOH生物降解引起丰度上升较大的有厌氧绳菌纲(+19.6%)和δ-变形菌纲(+4.3%),引起丰度下降较大的有ε-变形菌纲(-20.0%)、梭菌纲(-10.1%)、芽孢杆菌纲(-5.8%)和γ-变形菌纲(-4.2%).从属的分类水平看,6∶2 FTOH生物降解引起丰度上升较大的有Anaerolineaceae_uncultured(+19.1%)和硫碱球菌属(+13.3%),引起丰度下降较大的有弧菌属(-14.1%)、硫单胞菌属(-13.2%)、芽孢杆菌属(-5.1%)、Sulfurovum(-4.2%)和Fusibacter(-4.1%).这些结果有助于预测环境中细菌对多氟烷基物质污染的响应及筛选可降解多氟烷基物质的细菌.     

二氧化钛光催化消毒技术在水处理中的研究

二氧化钛光催化消毒是一种新型的水处理技术,可以有效地去除水中常规的和新出现的致病微生物,杀菌效果好且相对常规消毒手段消毒副产物较少,处理工艺自身不会对处理水造成二次污染。通过总结光催化技术的研究历史,阐述了光催化氧化机理和杀灭微生物的具体过程,综述了二氧化钛光催化技术在水处理领域中杀灭细菌、真菌、藻类、原生动物和病毒的研究成果,论述了二氧化钛光催化消毒的必要性,并对二氧化钛光催化消毒的应用前景作了展望。     

生物洗涤+生物滴滤组合工艺处理炼油污水场恶臭气体工程设计

采用生物洗涤+生物滴滤技术处理炼油污水场恶臭气体,具有抗冲击性强、运行稳定、处理效率高的特点。监测表明:出口气中H2S<0.06 mg/m3,NH3<1.5 mg/m3,CH3SH<0.004 mg/m3,臭气浓度<20,达到GB 14554—93《恶臭污染物排放标准》规定的一级厂界要求。该工程与炼油污水场现有污水处理工程紧密相结合,可缩短微生物的培养、驯化周期,减少公用工程投资,便于工业化应用。     

Determining reference conditions for TN, TP, SD and Chl-a in eastern plain ecoregion lakes, China

Establishing the nutrient reference condition(baseline environmental condition) of lakes in an ecoregion is a critical consideration in the development of scientifically defensible aquatic nutrient criteria.Three methods were applied to determine reference conditions in the Eastern plain ecoregion lakes with respect to total phosphorus(TP),total nitrogen(TN),planktonic chlorophyll a(Chl-a) and Secchi depth(SD).The reference condition value for the lakes in the Eastern plain ecoregion by the trisection method is TP of 0.029 mg/L,TN of 0.67 mg/L,Chl-a of 3.92 mg/m 3,SD of 0.85 m,and the reference condition range by the lake population distribution approach is TP of 0.014-0.043 mg/L,TN of 0.360-0.785 mg/L,Chl-a of 1.78-4.73 mg/m 3,SD of 0.68-1.21 m.Additionally,empirical models were developed for estimating the reference Chl-a concentration and SD successfully for lakes in the Eastern plain ecoregion.Overall,the data suggest that multiple methods can be used to determine reference conditions and that in Eastern plain ecoregion lakes the reference condition corresponds to a mesotrophic status.     

Influencing factors and degradation products of antipyrine chlorination in water with free chlorine

Owing to its low cost, free chlorine is one of the most common disinfectants for wastewater and drinking water treatment. However, the formation of disinfection byproducts has been found to occur after free chlorine disinfection in recent decades. Antipyrine (ANT), an anti-inflammatory analgesic, has been frequently detected in the aquatic environment. In this work, the removal efficiency of ANT by free chlorine oxidation in ultrapure water was investigated with batch experiments. The influencing factors on the removal of ANT were explored at initial concentrations of ANT from 0.04 to 0.64 mg/L, free chlorine dosage from 0.30 to 1.31 mg/L, and pH from 1.5 to 9.0. The main degradation products were identified by solid phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed that ANT reacted rapidly with free chlorine in ultrapure water systems and up to 90.6% removal efficiency of ANT was achieved after 25 sec (initial free chlorine 1 mg/L, ANT 0.5 mg/L, pH 7.0). Higher oxidant dosage, lower ANT initial concentration and low pH favor the ANT removal. The main degradation product in ANT chlorination was a monochlorine substitution product (4-chloro-1,2-dihydro- 1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one), which can be further chlorinated by free chlorine. In addition, the total organic carbon result indicated that ANT is difficult to be mineralized using chlorine.     

Systematic analysis of microfauna indicator values for treatment performance in a full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plant

The indicator values of microfauna functional groups and species for treatment performancewere systematically evaluated based on the continuous monitoring of the entire microfauna communities including both protozoa and metazoa over a period of 14 months, in two parallel full-scale municipalwastewater treatment systems in a plant in Beijing, China. A total of 57 species of ciliates, 14 species (units) of amoebae, 14 species (units) of flagellates and4 classes of small metazoawere identified,with Arcella hemisphaerica, Vorticella striata, Vorticella convallaria, Epistylis plicatilis and small flagellates (e.g. Bodo spp.) as thedominant protozoa, and rotifers as thedominant metazoa. The abundance of the sessile ciliateswas correlatedwith the removals of BOD 5 (Pearson’s r = 0.410, p < 0.05) and COD Cr (r = 0.397, p < 0.05)while the testate amoebaewas significantly positively related to nitrification (r = 0.523, p < 0.01). At the same time, some other associationswere also identified: the abundances of the large flagellates (r = 0.447, p < 0.01), the metazoa (r = 0.718, p < 0.01) and species Aspidisca sulcata (r = 0.337, p < 0.05)were positively related to nitrification; the abundance of Aspidisca costatawas correlated to the TN (total nitrogen) removal (r = -0.374, p < 0.05 ); the abundances of the sessile species Carchesium polypinum (r = 0.458, p < 0.01) and E. plicatilis (r = 0.377, p < 0.05)were correlatedwith the removal of suspended solids.     

Occurrence and infection risk of waterborne pathogens in Wanzhou watershed of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), formed by China’s Yangtze Three Gorges Project, is the largest lake in the world, but there is too little information available about fecal contamination and waterborne pathogen impacts on this aquatic ecosystem. During two successive 1-year study periods (July 2009 to July 2011), the water quality in Wanzhou watershed of the TGR was tested with regard to the presence of fecal indicators and pathogens. According to Chinese and World Health Organization water quality standards, water quality in the mainstream was good but poor in backwater areas. Salmonella, Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in the watershed. Prevalence and concentrations of the pathogens in the mainstream were lower than those in backwater areas. The estimated risk of infection with Salmonella, EHEC, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia per exposure event ranged from 2.9 × 10 -7 to 1.68 × 10-5 , 7.04 × 10-10 to 2.36 × 10-7 , 5.39 × 10-6 to 1.25 × 10-4 and 0 to 1.2 × 10-3 , respectively, for occupational divers and recreational swimmers exposed to the waters. The estimated risk of infection at exposure to the 95% upper confidence limit concentrations of Salmonella, Cryptosporidium and Giardia may be up to 2.62 × 10-5 , 2.55 × 10-4 and 2.86 × 10-3 , respectively. This study provides useful information for the residents, health care workers and managers to improve the safety of surface water and reduce the risk of fecal contamination in the TGR.     

城市生物质厌氧产酸构建碳源的研究进展

城市污水生物处理脱氮除磷阶段缺乏高效优质碳源,是国内外污水处理厂普遍面临的主要问题之一。通常采用投加外部碳源的方法提高脱氮除磷效率。常用的外加碳源包括传统的甲醇、乙酸、葡萄糖等,以及高浓度的有机废水及其发酵产物,污泥消化液等。传统投加外碳源如甲醇、乙酸、葡萄糖等成本较高,并且甲醇存在一定的毒性和运输问题。开发经济有效的新型可替代碳源成为目前新的研究热点。利用城市废弃生物质,如可生化性好的啤酒废水、淀粉废水,或城市污水厂剩余污泥的厌氧发酵产物作为污水厂外加碳源,研究发现产物中含有较多的短链挥发性脂肪酸(如乙酸、丙酸、丁酸等),其反硝化效率较单一乙酸做碳源要高,同时还可以节约碳源成本,是一种经济有效的可替代碳源。