Spatial and temporal variation of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in 26 cities in China

O3and PM2.5were introduced into the newly revised air quality standard system in February 2012, representing a milestone in the history of air pollution control, and China's urban air quality will be evaluated using six factors(SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM2.5and PM10) from the beginning of 2013. To achieve the new air quality standard, it is extremely important to have a primary understanding of the current pollution status in various cities. The spatial and temporal variations of the air pollutants were investigated in 26 pilot cities in China from August 2011 to February 2012, just before the new standard was executed. Hourly averaged SO2, NO2and PM10were observed in 26 cities, and the pollutants O3, CO and PM2.5were measured in 15 of the 26 cities. The concentrations of SO2and CO were much higher in the cities in north China than those in the south. As for O3and NO2, however, there was no significant diference between northern and southern cities. Fine particles were found to account for a large proportion of airborne particles, with the ratio of PM2.5to PM10ranging from 55% to 77%. The concentrations of PM2.5(57.5 μg/m3) and PM10(91.2 μg/m3) were much higher than the values(PM2.5: 11.2 μg/m3; PM10 : 35.6 μg/m3) recommended by the World Health Organization. The attainment of the new urban air quality standard in the investigated cities is decreased by 20% in comparison with the older standard without considering O3, CO and PM2.5, suggesting a great challenge in urban air quality improvement, and more eforts will to be taken to control air pollution in China.     

常州市备用水源地选址制约因素及对策研究

常州市位于太湖流域腹地,其生产生活用水均取自长江,目前总制水能力基本能满足用水需求,但供水水源单一,存有较大的安全隐患。建设备用水源,提高城市供水系统安全性是目前常州市亟待解决的重要问题。新孟河是连接长江,南北贯穿全市、输送水量较大的清水通道河流。现拟结合新孟河延伸拓浚工程的实施,将新孟河作为城市应急备用水源。本文在调查备用水源地周边环境概况、地表水环境质量现状、底泥质量现状的基础上,分析了该区域作为备用水源地可能存在的制约因素,并提出了相应对策,为常州市备用水源地建设提供了合理化建议。     

环境影响评价工作中存在的问题及对策

对建设项目进行环境影响评价分析,对国民经济的健康稳定发展和保护生态自然环境均有重要的作用,但在具体实施过程中,仍然存在不少问题,如工程分析粗糙、报告书质量不高、评价缺乏针对性和实用性等.本文对此进行了分析,并提出相应对策.     

Effect of current emission abatement strategies on air quality improvement in China: A case study of Baotou, a typical industrial city in Inner Mongolia

The nationalAirPollutionPreventionandControlActionPlanrequiredsignificant decreases inPM2.5 levels overChina.Toexploremoreeffectiveemissionabatement strategies inindustrialcities,acasestudywasconductedinBaotoutoevaluatethecurrent national controlmeasures.ThetotalemissionsofSO2, NOX, PM2.5 and NMVOC (non-methanevolatileorganiccompounds)inBaotouwere211.2Gg,156.1Gg,28.8Gg, and 48.5Gg,respectivelyin2013,andtheywouldexperienceareductionof30.4%,26.6%, 15.1%, and8.7%,respectivelyin2017and39.0%,32.0%,24.4%,and12.9%,respectivelyin 2020. TheSO2, NOX and PM2.5 emissionsfromtheindustrialsectorwouldexperiencea greater decrease,withreductionsof37%,32.7and24.3%,respectively.From2013to2020, the concentrationsofSO2, NO2, andPM2.5 are expectedtodeclinebyapproximately30%, 10% and14.5%,respectively.ThereductionrateofSNA(sulfate,nitrateandammonium) concentrationswassignificantlyhigherthanthatofPM2.5 in 2017,implyingthatthecurrent key strategytowardcontrollingairpollutantsfromtheindustrialsectorismorepowerful for SNA.Althoughairpollutioncontrolmeasuresimplementedintheindustrialsector could greatlyreducetotalemissions,constrainingtheemissionsfromlowersourcessuch as residentialcoalcombustionwouldbemoreeffectiveindecreasingtheconcentrationof PM2.5 from 2017to2020.Theseresultssuggestthatevenforatypicalindustrialcity,the reduction ofPM2.5 concentrationsnotonlyrequiresdecreasesinemissionsfromthe industrial sector,butalsofromthelowemissionsources.Theseasonalvariationinsulfate concentrationalsoshowedthatemissionfromcoal-burningisthekeyfactortocontrol during theheatingseason.     

韩江流域河水地球化学特征与硅酸盐岩风化——风化过程硫酸作用

流域岩石化学风化是全球碳循环的重要环节之一,硅酸盐岩风化过程消耗大气CO_2,是在地质时间尺度上调节大气CO_2浓度的重要机制。本工作在对我国东南花岗岩地区流经典型的硅酸盐岩地质背景河流——韩江流域河流水化学组成研究的基础上,分析和定量计算了河流水体主要物质来源,并对硫酸参与岩石风化和碳循环过程的作用进行了分析,进而对韩江流域岩石风化速率及其大气CO_2消耗通量进行了估算。结果表明,韩江流域河流主离子组成主要来源于硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩风化,并计算得出约41%的硫酸根离子来自于大气降水;流域碳酸盐岩的风化速率为21.7 t/(km~2·a),硅酸盐岩为18.9 t/(km~2·a)。硫酸参与岩石风化提供的离子贡献占流域岩石风化提供总离子量的65.9%;流域风化带来的CO_2消耗速率被高估了约61%。     

热联合在塔西南化肥厂节能降耗的应用

通过优化塔西南化肥厂合成氨装置的蒸汽系统和电力工程部的锅炉运行模式,新增外购4.2MPa蒸汽用量,在实现快装锅炉停运的同时送出富余的1.6MPa蒸汽,达到能源梯级循环利用,从而为自身装置和厂际间共同实现节能降耗进行了有益探索,并取得可观的经济效益和社会效益。     

高炉瓦斯泥掺制水煤浆成浆性及燃烧特性的研究

将高炉瓦斯泥配入肥煤中制备瓦斯泥水煤浆,通过成浆实验和热重实验,分析了瓦斯泥、水煤浆的单一燃烧及掺混不同比例瓦斯泥后混合浆的成浆性和燃烧特性.结果表明,掺入高炉瓦斯泥后水煤浆的表观粘度明显降低,流变性较好,但稳定性稍有降低,且在发热量满足实际应用的基础上和最大化利用瓦斯泥的前提下,发现瓦斯泥加入量为24%时,浓度为60%的混合浆体的表观粘度为526 mPa·s,流变性及稳定性较好,浆体发热量为14.11 MJ·kg^-1.此外研究还发现,瓦斯泥中大量金属元素、碱性金属氧化物、铁氧化物、过渡金属氧化物和盐类均对混合浆体燃烧起到了催化剂作用,提高了混合浆体燃烧特性.研究结果可为实现高炉瓦斯泥的多组分高附加值利用及煤炭能源高效利用提供技术及理论参考.     

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations on the bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by Prorocentrum donghaiense

The growth, cellular total lipids, bioaccumulation amount, and bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of 2,4,4 ′ -tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE28), 2,2 ′ ,4,4 ′ -tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE47), and 2,2 ′ ,4,4 ′ ,5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (BDE99) in a semi-continuous culture of Prorocentrum donghaiense were studied in relation to nitrate (0, 128, and 512 μmol/L) and phosphate (0, 8, and 32 μmol/L) concentrations. The BDE28, BDE47, and BDE99 content per cell under 0 μmol N/L were 3.77 × 10 6 , 3.95 × 10 6 , and 4.32 × 10 6 ng/cell, respectively, which were significantly higher than those under 128 and 512 μmol N/L. A nearly 5-fold increase in polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) content per algal cell was found between 0 and 8 μmol P/L and between 8 and 32 μmol P/L. With increasing N and P concentrations, the PBDE content per volume of algal culture and the accumulation percentage of available PBDEs declined slightly. The BAFs for the PBDEs based on lipids showed that the logBAF lip under 0 μmol N/L was higher than those under 128 and 512 μmol N/L. The logBAF lip under 0 μmol P/L was higher than that under 8 μmol P/L but lower than that under 32 μmol P/L. Correlation analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between nutrient concentration and cellular total lipids, as well as the PBDE content per cell. The results indicate that different N and P concentrations change the total lipids content of P. donghaiense, thereby resulting in varying PBDE accumulation.     

长江上游甘肃段木本植物资源及其开发利用研究

介绍长江上游地区甘肃省１１个利用类型的木本植物１０７科３１９属１３６４种，阐述了分布特点及其开发利用的途径，提出了合理适度开发的意见。     

Formation mechanism of typical aromatic sulfuric anhydrides and their potential role in atmospheric nucleation process

Sulfuric anhydrides,generated from the cycloaddition reaction of SO₃with carboxylic acids,have been revealed to be potential participants in the nucleation process of new particle formation (NPF).Hence the reaction mechanisms of typical aromatic acids (benzoic acid (BA),phenylacetic acid (PAA),phthalic acid (PA),isophthalic acid (mPA),and terephthalic acid(PTA)) with SO₃to generate the corresponding aromatic sulfuric anhydrides were investigated by density functional theory...