新型除氟剂竹炭的优选和改性方法实验研究

采用不同产地的竹炭进行除氟研究,分别进行了直接除氟和改性后除氟的效果比较。在水浴恒温振荡箱,振荡速度100 r/min,温度30件下,保持固液比0.03,反应1.5 h,处理初始氟浓度10 mg/L的溶液,浙江丽水的机械竹炭的直接除氟效果比其它地方的竹炭都好,其对氟去除率为47.8%。通过该竹炭的直接除氟工艺参数优化结果可知,pH是影响竹炭除氟的关键因素,最佳值为4;随着竹炭量的增大,氟离子的去除率明显上升;氟离子的初始浓度增大,竹炭的单位吸附量也逐渐上升;反应时间为90 min时,反应逐渐趋于平衡。选用Al2（SO4）3对竹炭进行改性后,浙江丽水的机械竹炭的除氟率有很大的上升;采用MgSO4改性后各类竹炭除氟效果均有所下降。采用Fe2（SO4）3改性后,氟离子的去除率达到91.8%,剩余浓度为0.82 mg/L,达到国家饮用水的标准。     

实际污水与模拟污水活性污泥系统的特性差异

实验中经常采用人工配置的模拟生活污水,为了研究其与实际生活污水活性污泥系统的特性差异,采用2个序批式间歇反应器(SBR)进行平行实验(厌氧、好氧方式运行),系统地考察了在进水主要组分和运行参数相同的情况下,不同原水对活性污泥系统脱氮、除磷、比好氧速率、污泥絮体形态和出水水质等方面的影响。结果表明,模拟污水系统的硝化活性强于实际污水系统,两者的平均硝化速率分别为7.43 mg NH4+-N/(L.h)和5.55 mg NH4+-N/(L.h)。在前置厌氧段,模拟污水系统的释磷量比实际污水系统高出36.45%。两者在后续好氧阶段都能够充分吸磷。模拟污水系统的平均比好氧速率(SOUR)高达64.54 mg O2/(g MLSS.h),而实际污水系统的则只有32.81 mg O2/(g MLSS.h)。模拟污水系统的污泥絮体疏松,粒径小,形状不规则,沉降性差,沉后出水平均悬浮物浓度(SS)为20 mg/L;而实际污水系统的污泥絮体则密实、粒径大,沉降性好,沉后水十分清澈,SS几乎检测不出。     

A comparative study of abiological granular sludge (ABGS) formation in different processes for zinc removal from wastewater

Abiological granular sludge (ABGS) formation is a potential and facile strategy for improving sludge settling performance during zinc removal from wastewater using chemical precipitation. In this study, the effect of pH, seed dosage, and flocculant dosage on ABGS formation and treated water quality was investigated. Results show that settling velocity of ABGS can reach up to 4.00 cm/s under optimal conditions, e.g., pH of 9.0, zinc oxide (ZnO) seeds dosage of 1.5 g/l, and polyacrylamide (PAM) dosage of 10 mg/l. More importantly, ABGS formation mechanism was investigated in NaOH precipitation process and compared with that in bio-polymer ferric sulfate (BPFS)–NaOH precipitation process regarding their sludge structure and composition. In the NaOH precipitation process, ABGS formation depends on some attractions between particles, such as van der Waals attraction and bridging attraction. However, during the BPFS–NaOH sludge formation process, steric repulsion becomes dominant due to the adsorption of BPFS on ZnO seeds. This repulsion further causes extremely loose structure and poor settling performance of BPFS–NaOH sludge.     

固定化小球藻与活性污泥的共生系统处理含锌废水

研究固定化小球藻与活性污泥的共生系统对含锌废水中Zn2+的去除效果,分析菌藻状态、初始Zn2+浓度、pH、固定化菌藻小球投加量和菌藻体积比等5个因素对固定化菌藻共生系统去除Zn2+的影响。结果表明,固定化活性污泥、固定化小球藻和固定化菌藻对Zn2+的去除效果均优于悬浮小球藻,其中固定化菌藻对Zn2+的去除效果最好;废水中初始Zn2+浓度小于100 mg/L时,固定化菌藻系统对废水中Zn2+的去除率达到90.5%;固定化菌藻系统去除废水中Zn2+的最佳条件是:初始Zn2+浓度为80 mg/L,pH=7,固定化小球投加量为80 mL,菌藻体积比为1∶2。     

曝气+化学絮凝法预处理环氧丙烷废水简

根据环氧丙烷废水的特点,应用电化学法处理具有较高的可行性。运用电化学法处理PO废水前必须进行废水预处理,用以提高电流效率和延长极板寿命。采用曝气和化学絮凝结合的方法去除PO废水中的Ca²⁺,同时去除部分COD。对曝气、无机絮凝剂（PACl、PFS）和有机絮凝剂（PAM）对PO废水处理过程中的曝气量、曝气时间、投药量、复配和沉降时间等主要影响因子进行了实验研究,通过比较Ca²⁺、COD的去除效果、絮凝剂用量、沉降时间、处理成本等方面,在设定的实验参数下得到最佳预处理方案为：曝气量为2.5 L/min,曝气45 min,投加Na₂CO₃粉末24 kg/t 废水,充分混匀后加入PFS+PAM复配絮凝剂。本方案具有废水处理效果好（Ca²⁺的去除率为77.03%,COD的去除率为37.46%）、投药量少（（100+7.5）g/t废水）、沉降时间短（5 min）、处理成本低（0.675元/t废水）等优点。通过对比经预处理和不经预处理后电化学法对COD去除效果、电流和处理后阴极表面,验证了预处理方案的必要性与可行性。     

全国土壤污染状况调查样品采集质量保证

土壤污染危害巨大,它直接关系到人体健康、生态安全和农业可持续发展。目前中国土壤污染状况形势严峻,对全国各地土壤污染状况进行调查是一件意义重大而且势在必行的事情。土壤样品采集是土壤污染状况调查工作的重要组成部分,所采集的样品的代表性直接关系到调查工作的成效。质量保证对数据的准确性、精密性、可靠性和代表性有着十分重要的意义,因此土壤样品采集过程中应严格按照质量保证程序进行全过程质量控制。     

麦秸基木质陶瓷/凹凸棒石复合材料制备与性能表征

介绍了以麦秸秆、凹凸棒石为原料,以酚醛树脂、固化剂为辅料,按照不同的配比进行混合、干燥、热压,而后采用高温烧结工艺,制备新型复合碳材料。试验制备了各种不同原料配比以及不同烧结温度下的材料,并对材料的物理强度、密度、气孔率、强度、电阻率等性能进行了测试,对其性能表征、形成机理和形成规律进行分析,初步探讨了原料选择、原料配比、碳化温度等参数对制备工艺以及复合材料性能的影响,确定了当麦秸秆∶凹凸棒石=2∶1和3∶1,温度为700～800℃时,材料的各物理性能较为理想。实验证明麦秸秆为原材料制备凹凸棒石的可行性,为麦秸秆的资源化利用、凹凸棒石的应用以及木质陶瓷复合材料的研究开辟了新的研究方向。     

Effects of Modified Starch and Different Molecular Weight Polyvinyl Alcohols on Biodegradable Characteristics of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Starch Blends

The common biodegradable properties of polymer make them an excellent pair for blending, and the water solubility of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) makes it easy to mix evenly with the starch. In this study, PVAs with different molecular weights were blended with various compositions of cross-linked starch (CLS) to explore the effects of molecular weight of PVA on the biodegradable characteristics of the PVA/starch blends. Comparing the biodegradability of all the various PVA/starch blends, a PVA was singled out from the PVA/starch blends of higher biodegradability. Further, the chosen PVA was then blended with the acid-modified starch (AMS) to systematically investigate the effects of the modified processing of starch on the biodegradable characteristics of the PVA/starch blends. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of PVA and PVA/starch specimens reveal that the T_m values of PVA/starch specimens reduce gradually as their CLS or AMS contents increase. After the CLS is blended in PVAs of different molecular weights, the tensile strength (??_f) and elongation at break (??_f) values of (P₁₀₀S₀)G₂₀M₁ specimen increase and simultaneously reduce, respectively, as their molecular weights of PVA increase from about 80,000 (PVA_BF-17) to 120,000 (PVA_BF-26). The ??_f and ??_f values of the PVA/modified-starch blends decrease with an increase in the modified starch contents. The ??_f values of the PVA/AMS specimens decrease with an increase in the concentrations of hydrochloric acid. Comparing the ??_f values of the PVA/CLS specimens with those of the PVA/AMS specimens, the ??_f values of the PVA/CLS specimens are better than those of the PVA/AMS specimens. On the contrary, the ??_f values of the PVA/AMS specimens are better than those of the PVA/CLS specimens. According to the biodegradability of all the PVA/starch blends, PVA with higher molecular weights displays higher biodegradability. The biodegradability of the PVA/modified-starch blends increase as the modified starch contents of the PVA/modified-starch blends increase. As evidenced by the results of the biodegradability test, the biodegradability of the PVA/modified-starch blends, therein PVA is blended with 1N AMS, shows better biodegradability. The result of bio-reaction kinetics experiment can evaluate the decomposition tendency of the PVA/starch blends up to any biodegradable rate under ambient environment. Using the kinetic model of the first order reaction, it is estimated that 16.20?years and 12.47?years will be needed for the PVA_BF-17/starch blends, containing 20 and 40% of CLS respectively, to be degraded up to 70% under ambient environment. In addition, it is 1.68?years for the PVA_BF-26 blends with the 40% 2N AMS under decomposition environment while it is 1.94?years for the 40% 1N AMS. Overall, the decomposition potential of PVA/AMS specimens is better than PVA/CLS specimens. Furthermore, the 1N(26P₆₀AS₄₀)₁₀₀G₂₀M₁ specimen is coincidence the biodegradable material criteria of Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) of Taiwan.     

Leaching of heavy metals from solidified waste using Portland cement and zeolite as a binder

This study investigated the properties of solidified waste using ordinary Portland cement (OPC) containing synthesized zeolite (SZ) and natural zeolite (NZ) as a binder. Natural and synthesized zeolites were used to partially replace the OPC at rates of 0%, 20%, and 40% by weight of the binder. Plating sludge was used as contaminated waste to replace the binder at rates of 40%, 50% and 60% by weight. A water to binder (w/b) ratio of 0.40 was used for all of the mixtures. The setting time and compressive strength of the solidified waste were investigated, while the leachability of the heavy metals was determined by TCLP. Additionally, XRD, XRF, and SEM were performed to investigate the fracture surface, while the pore size distribution was analyzed with MIP. The results indicated that the setting time of the binders marginally increased as the amount of SZ and NZ increased in the mix. The compressive strengths of the pastes containing 20 and 40wt.% of NZ were higher than those containing SZ. The compressive strengths at 28 days of the SZ solidified waste mixes were 1.2-31.1MPa and those of NZ solidified waste mixes were 26.0-62.4MPa as compared to 72.9MPa of the control mix at the same age. The quality of the solidified waste containing zeolites was better than that with OPC alone in terms of the effectiveness in reducing the leachability. The concentrations of heavy metals in the leachates were within the limits specified by the US EPA. SEM and MIP revealed that the replacement of Portland cement by zeolites increased the total porosity but decreased the average pore size and resulted in the better containment of heavy ions from the solidified waste.     

聚乙烯/造纸污泥废弃物复合材料

研究填料粒径和用量对聚乙烯/造纸污泥废弃物复合材料力学性能的影响。采用氢氧化钠和KH-550硅烷作为填料的表面处理剂,马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯作为体系的相容剂改善复合材料的综合性能。实验结果表明,这2种方法均可不同程度地提高复合材料的力学性能,马来酸酐接枝聚乙烯的加入可以有效改善基体与填料之间的相互作用。