均匀设计法处理含硫废水的研究

对钠盐型和铵盐型含硫工业废水进行脱硫处理,采用均匀设计法设计试验,得到定量描述试验内在规律的多元非线性回归方程.用该回归方程计算的预测值与试验结果一致.对影响脱硫效果和脱硫效率的影响因素--絮凝剂投加量、pH以及废水含硫量进行了考察.利用回归方程,对反应体系进行了模拟优化处理.研究表明,在试验条件下,用聚合氯化铝作为絮凝剂、pH=7的条件下,采用两段工艺,可以使脱硫后废水含硫量降至40 mg/L以下,满足下游污水处理装置对含硫量的要求.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface sediments from Yellow River, China

Fourteen surface sediment samples were collected from Lanzhou Reach of Yellow River, China in July 2005. The concentrations of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by gas chromatography equipped with a mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS). Total concentrations of the PAHs ranged from 464 to 2621 ng/g dry weight. Sediment samples with the highest PAH concentrations appeared at the downstream of Lanzhou City, where there was the biggest wastewater discharge pipeline from Lanzhou Oil Refinery Factory and Lanzhou Chemical Industry Company. Municipal sewage also contributed to the PAH contamination in the sediments. A correlation existed between the sediment organic carbon content (f(oc)) and the total PAH concentrations (r(2)=0.57), suggesting that sediment organic carbon content played an important role in controlling the PAHs levels in the sediments. According to the observed molecular indices, PAHs contamination in Lanzhou Reach of Yellow River originated both from the high-temperature pyrolytic processes and from the petrogenic source, showing a mixed PAH input pattern, which was also confirmed by the results of a principal component analysis (PCA). According to the numerical effect-based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) of the United States, the levels of PAHs at most studied sites in Lanzhou Reach of Yellow River should not exert adverse biological effects. Although at some sites (such as S10, S12, etc.) one PAH may exceed the effects range low (ERL), individual PAH did not exceed the effects range median (ERM). The results indicated that sediments in all sites should have potential biological impact, but should have no impairment.     

黄孢原毛平革菌处理果胶废水

实验研究了菌体接种量、氮源、氮源浓度、温度和pH等不同因素条件下,黄孢原毛平革菌对果胶废水中果胶和COD去除效率的影响。结果表明,接种量为10 g/L时,黄孢原毛平革菌对果胶和COD的去除率最高,分别为96%和83%。酒石酸铵为黄孢原毛平革菌处理果胶废水的最佳氮源,其最佳浓度为0.8 g/L,在此条件下,菌体对果胶和COD的去除率分别为96%和84%。废水温度为25~35℃,废水pH值为4~5时,黄孢原毛平革菌对果胶废水中果胶和COD的去除效率分别可达95%及80%以上。黄孢原毛平革菌处理果胶废水的研究结果可为实际废水处理工程技术工艺的设计提供参考价值和指导意义。     

Heterogeneous Fenton degradation of bisphenol A catalyzed by efficient adsorptive Fe3O4/GO nanocomposites

A new method for the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) in aqueous solution was developed. The oxidative degradation characteristics of BPA in a heterogeneous Fenton reaction catalyzed by Fe₃O₄/graphite oxide (GO) were studied. Transmission electron microscopic images showed that the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were evenly distributed and were ～6 nm in diameter. Experimental results suggested that BPA conversion was affected by several factors, such as the loading amount of Fe₃O₄/GO, pH, and initial H₂O₂ concentration. In the system with 1.0 g L^?1 of Fe₃O₄/GO and 20 mmol L^?1 of H₂O₂, almost 90 % of BPA (20 mg L^?1) was degraded within 6 h at pH 6.0. Based on the degradation products identified by GC–MS, the degradation pathways of BPA were proposed. In addition, the reused catalyst Fe₃O₄/GO still retained its catalytic activity after three cycles, indicating that Fe₃O₄/GO had good stability and reusability. These results demonstrated that the heterogeneous Fenton reaction catalyzed by Fe₃O₄/GO is a promising advanced oxidation technology for the treatment of wastewater containing BPA.     

山羊粪污颗粒静态好氧堆肥过程的生物强化

对山羊粪便颗粒进行了理化表征,发现其外表致密内芯多孔的结构特点,且其总体C/N比为25.69~27.88,适合直接堆肥,提出采用生物接种破坏表层,强化堆肥进程的思路.研究结果表明,生物接种可以大大强化堆肥过程中的生化反应进程,缩短堆肥发酵周期.产物中N、P含量随着生物接种量的增加而增大.当以VT-1000菌剂按10 mL/kg干物质接种时,堆体温度在2 d内就达到50℃,在高温期50~60℃维持7 d以上,其堆肥腐熟后物料TN、TP分别增加0.70%和1.59%,其C/N<15,更趋于稳定化,且最终产物中粪大肠菌群数<3个/g,未检验出蛔虫卵,实现了无害化处理.     

Effects of bromide and iodide ions on the formation of disinfection by-products during ozonation and subsequent chlorination of water containing biological source matters

This study aims to investigate the influence of the coexistence of halogen ions (bromide/iodide) and biological source matters on the speciation and yield of trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) during the ozonation and subsequent chlorination of water. The results show that the concentrations of brominated THMs and iodinated THMs increased with increasing bromide and iodide concentration. These results may be attributed to the higher reactivity of hypobromous acid and hypoiodous acid generated from the ozonation and subsequent chlorination in the presence of bromide or iodide ions. The presence of bromide increased the species of brominated HAAs. There was a shift from chlorinated HAAs to brominated HAAs after increasing the concentration of bromide. The effect of iodide on HAA formation was more complex than bromide. For most samples, the concentration of total HAAs (T-HAAs) increased to the maximum and then decreased with increasing iodide concentration. The components of the organic precursors also significantly influenced the formation of brominated and iodinated disinfection by-products (Br-DBPs and I-DBPs). Humic acids produced more CHBr₃ (596.60 μg/L) than other organic materials. Microcystis aeruginosa cells produced the most tribromoacetic acid (TBAA, 84.16 μg/L). Furthermore, the yield of NDMA decreased with increasing bromide concentration, indicating that the formation of NDMA was inhibited by the high concentration of bromide.     

Estimation methods and monitoring network issues in the quantitative estimation of land-based COD and TN loads entering the sea: a case study in Qingdao City,China

At present, the monitoring network of China cannot provide sufficient data to estimate land-based pollutant loads that enter the sea, and estimation methods are imprecisely used. In this study, the selection of monitoring stations, monitoring frequency, and pollutant load estimation methods was studied in Qingdao City, a typical coastal city in China, taken as an example. Land-based pollutant loads from Qingdao were estimated, and load distribution, density, and composition were analyzed to identify the key pollution source regions (SRs) that need to be monitored and controlled. Results show that the administrative land area of Qingdao can be divided into 25 sea-sink source regions (SSRs). A total of 14 more rivers and 62 industrial enterprises should be monitored to determine the comprehensive pollutant loads of the city. Furthermore, the monitoring frequency of rivers should not be less than three times/year; a monitoring frequency of five or more times is preferable. The findings on pollutant load estimation with the use of different estimation methods substantially vary; estimation results with the use of ratio-based methods were 10 and 22 % higher than those with the use of monitoring-based methods in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN), respectively. None-point sources contributed the majority of the pollutant loads at about 70 % of the total COD and 60 % of the total TN.     

包埋氨氧化细菌处理合成氨工业废水

以聚乙烯醇与海藻酸钠为载体,包埋固定氨氧化细菌(AOB),研究温度、DO、初始游离氨(FA)、有机物等影响因素对其短程硝化稳定性的影响。结果表明,25~30℃时载体中氨氧化细菌占优势;DO宜控制在4.0~5.5 mg/L之间,既能满足细菌生长所需,又不至过度曝气,造成载体间的摩擦增大,减少其使用寿命;载体耐氨氮负荷能力强,同时可以抵御有机物对氨氧化细菌的伤害;当初始FA>6.5 mg/L时,氨氧化细菌的活性将受到抑制;富集氨氧化细菌的污泥包埋后氨氮去除率降低了7.5%;包埋载体在确保短程硝化作用的同时,在内部形成的缺氧区可实现反硝化脱氮,提高了系统氨氮的处理能力。     

Assessment on the distribution and partitioning characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lake Baiyangdian, a shallow freshwater lake in China

The characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediments, and hydrophytes from Lake Baiyangdian, a shallow freshwater lake in China were studied. The low-molecular-weight PAHs (2-3 ring PAHs) predominated (61.2 to 84.5%) in all samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) of individual PAHs and the ratios of selected PAHs showed that the PAHs in the lake were mainly petrogenic inputs. The solid-liquid distribution coefficient (K(d)) in the water phase was much higher than the bioconcentration factor (BCF), and the leaf concentration factor (LCF) was higher than the root concentration factor (RCF) and stem concentration factor (SCF) in plant-sediment phase. Good linear log/log relationships were observed between the equilibrium partitioning coefficient (K(oc)) and the octanol-water partitioning coefficient (K(ow)), between RCF and K(ow), and between LCF and the octanol-air partitioning coefficient (K(oa)). These results indicated that PAHs accumulated more easily in SPM than in submerged aquatic plants, and some low-molecular-weight PAHs could accumulate and be translocated in the lake's media. Media characteristics, contamination sources, and physicochemical properties all affect the partitioning of PAHs among water, SPM, sediments, and hydrophytes.     

Characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbons in surficial sediments from the Songhuajiang River (China): spatial and temporal trends

This paper presents the spatial and temporal characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbons (PH) in surficial sediments from the Songhuajiang River using the method of petroleum chemical fingerprinting. Twenty-four surface sediment samples were collected at 17 sites along the river from upstream to downstream in flood season (August 2005) and icebound season (December 2005) and were analyzed for PH including n-alkanes (C(16)-C(33)), isoprenoid alkanes (pristane and phytane), and unresolved complex mixture (UCM). The concentration of PH varied from 22.64 to 91.45 μg g(?-1) dry sediment. n-alkanes with a carbon number from 16 to 33 were detected in all samples, and the UCM was the dominant composition for PH. The variability of the PH concentration was mostly influenced by external conditions, such as seasonal change and industrial area position, as well as internal sediment physicochemical properties, such as organic carbon and grain size. The concentration of hydrocarbons is higher in flood season than in icebound season and is higher upstream than downstream. The diagnostic ratios of specific hydrocarbons showed that the PH pollution comes from a combination of biogenic and petrogenic sources, and petrogenic input is dominant in icebound season relative to flood season. It also indicates that there is a clear terrigenous input of n-alkanes in flood season. Principal components analysis was used to study the composition and characteristics of PH in Songhuajiang River sediments and to assess the spatial and temporal distribution of their natural and anthropogenic sources.