欧盟工业废水污染物排放限值的制定方法

依据欧盟委员会的IPPC指令和水框架指令，欧盟成员国目前在制定废水污染物排放限值时，都以最佳可得技术（BAT）为参考，同时运用反演的方法将污染物排放限值与环境质量标准相结合。阐述了欧盟国家制定废水污染物排放限值的“BAT法”和“质量标准反演法”，并举例分析了“质量标准反演法”。提出了我国借鉴欧盟方法的几点建议。     

Numerical simulation study on air quality in aircraft cabins

Air pollution is one of the main factors that affect the air quality in aircraft cabins, and the use of different air supply modes could influence the distribution of air pollutants in cabins. Based on the traditional ceiling air supply mode used on the B737NG, this study investigated another 3 different kinds of air supply modes for comparison: luggage rack air supply mode, joint mode combining ceiling and luggage rack air supply, and joint mode combining ceiling and individual air supply. Under the above 4 air supply modes, the air velocity, temperature and distribution of air pollutants in a cabin full of passengers were studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) and formaldehyde were selected as 2 kinds of representative air pollutants. The simulation results show that the joint mode combining ceiling and individual air supply can create a more uniform distribution of air velocity and temperature, has a better effect on the removal of CO₂ and formaldehyde, and can provide better air quality in cabins than the other 3 modes.     

疏勒河流域天然水质研究及水环境保护

疏勒河流域河水的化学组成虽不尽相同,但大部分河段阴离子中以HCO3-占优势,阳离子中以Ca2+为主。以每升水中的毫克浓度为单位,阴离子HCO3->Cl->SO42-,阳离子Ca2+>Mg2+>Na++K+;只有党河下游段敦煌所采水样则是HCO3->Cl->SO42-,Ca2+>Na++K+>Mg2+。按照水文地质学的常用方法,根据每升水中主要阴、阳离子的浓度,将河水分为3种类型押重碳酸盐类、硫酸盐类和氯化物类熏但大部分河段属重碳酸盐类。根据取样测试,河水的总矿化度值256.12～413.74mg/l,河水总硬度变化在3.37～7.16me/l之间,其总碱度值2.62～4.25me/l。文章还对疏勒河流域河水中微量元素的含量进行了分析、研究,对水质状况进行了评价并提出了水环境保护的意见和措施。     

华北地区土壤中硫的赋存特征

主要讨论了华北地区土壤中硫的分布及赋存特征，结果表明华北地区不同省市土壤中硫的含量有差异；土壤中硫的含量与土壤类型及土母质等有一定关系，土壤中不同形态硫的含量结果表明，尽管该地区土壤中总硫在大部分土壤中含量较高，但植物有效硫的含量相对较低，土壤中的硫主要是以难溶无机硫和有机硫形式存在。     

A comparative investigation of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) and Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) (x: 0-0.4) for NO decomposition

A series of single-phase T-structured NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) with oxygen vacancies and T'-structured Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) (x:0-0.4) with oxygen excess were prepared using ultrasound-assisted citric acid complexing method, and characterized by means of techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis and NO temperature-progranuned desorption (NO-TPD). The catalytic activities of these materials were evaluated for the decomposition of NO. It was found that the NdSrCut_xCoxO4_b catalysts were of oxygen vacancies whereas the Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) ones possessed excessive oxygen (i.e., over-stoichiometric oxygen); with a rise in Co doping level,the oxygen vacancy density of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) decreased while the over-stoichiometric oxygen amount of Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CU_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ)increased. The NO-TPD results revealed that NO could be activated much easier over the oxygen-deficient perovskite-like oxides than over the oxygen-excessive perovskite-like oxides, with the NdSrCuO_(3.702) catalyst showing the best efficiency in activating NO molecules. Under the conditions of 1.0% NO/helium, 2800 hr~(-1), and 600-900℃, the catalytic activity of NO decomposition followed the order of NdSrCuO_(3.702)> NdSrCu_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_(3.736) > NdSrCu_(0.6)Co_(0.4)O_(3.789) > Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(0.6)Co_(0.4)O_(4.187)> Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)Cu_(0.8)Co_(0.2)O_(4.104)> Sm_(1.8)Ce_(0.2)CuO_(4.045), in concord with the sequence of decreasing oxygen vacancy or oxygen excess density. Based on the results, we concluded that the higher oxygen vacancy density and the stronger Cu~(3+)/Cu~(2+) redox ability of NdSrCu_(1-x)Co_xO_(4-δ) account for the easier activation of NO and consequently improve the catalytic activity of NO decomposition over the catalysts.     

Ti/RuO2-IrO2-TiO2电极电解产生活性氯

采用电解法产生活性氯,降解废水中的有机物。考察了活性氯产生量的影响因素,并对Ti/RuO₂-IrO₂-TiO₂电极电解实际含氯废水的处理效果进行了研究。实验结果表明:通过增加Cl^-浓度和电流密度、减少SO₄^2-浓度和极板间距、降低电解温度的方法能够提高活性氯产生量,从而提高电极降解有机物的效果;对于Cl^-浓度为0.005 mol/L、COD为49 mg/L的废水,使用Ti/RuO₂-IrO₂-TiO₂电极,在极板间距为0.5 cm、电解温度为20 ℃、电流密度为20 mA/cm²、初始pH为8.0的条件下电解处理60 min,废水BOD₅/COD值由0.04提高到0.25,COD降至24 mg/L,达到DB 11/307—2013《水污染综合排放标准》中排入地表水体污染物B类排放限值(COD≤30 mg/L)的要求。     

典型气田土壤铁还原活性与微生物群落关系研究

由微生物驱动的土壤铁还原过程在铁的生物地球化学循环中起到重要作用,该过程还可与土壤重金属的转化及石油烃类有机污染物的降解等过程相偶联.油气田土壤常具有潜在有机污染物风险,本研究以重庆涪陵页岩气田的土壤（潜在烃类有机物污染风险）为对象,测定土壤铁还原活性（Iron Reducing Potential,IRP）,并利用Illumina Miseq测序解析其中的铁还原微生物类群,进而探讨IRP、土壤基本性质及微生物群落之间的关系.结果表明,该区域土壤铁还原菌群的优势菌门为厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）.与低IRP样品相比,高IRP样品中Pseudomonas、norank Peptococcaceae及Lentimicrobium等菌属具有较高的相对丰度.基于各样品OTU （Operational Taxonomic Unit）组成的PCoA （Principal Co-ordinates Analysis）分析表明,高、中及低IRP样品中铁还原菌群落结构差异显著（R²=0.25,p<0.01）,且一些分别属于Acetoanaerobium、Proteiniphilum、Petrimonas、Tessaracoccus及Exiguobacterium菌属中的OTUs在高IRP样品中显著上调.结构方程模型表明,铁还原微生物的群落结构是直接决定土壤IRP的主要因子,土壤氨氮及有效磷均可通过影响微生物群落结构来间接影响IRP,且氨氮还可通过直接影响有效磷来间接影响土壤IRP.本研究揭示了影响典型页岩气田土壤铁还原活性的关键因子及微生物机制,为进一步深入研究铁还原条件下土壤有机污染物去除的微生物机制打下基础.     

黄河流域典型湿地生态环境需水量研究

运用科克兰(Cocnran)Q检验法,将黄河流域湿地分为河道湿地型、河滨湿地型、河口型3类.基于生态水文学方法,计算了黄河流域典型湿地生态环境需水量,提出了“湿地生态环境需水量计算时应主要关注湿地消耗水量”的观点,并进一步将黄河流域湿地生态环境需水量分为最小、适宜和理想3个等级.计算结果表明,黄河流域湿地最小、适宜、理想生态环境需水量分别为2 0 .3×10 8m3、3 7.6×10 8m3和5 4.9×10 8m3;黄河流域典型湿地与河道重复量为1.9×10 8m3.研究结果显示,要维持湿地基本的生态环境功能,需每年最小向湿地分配水量2 0 .3×10 8m3.为使黄河流域湿地恢复到理想状态的需水量为5 4.9×10 8m3.     

青霉菌GX2对蒽醌染料的吸附作用

GX2生长菌体对 4种蒽醌染料均表现出优良的吸附性能 ,但由于染料分子的结构不同 ,吸附速率和吸附率也表现出一定的差异 .染料对菌体的生长具有一定的抑制作用 ,但即使在很高的染料浓度下 ,GX2生长菌体仍表现出很强的吸附性能 .对 250mg/L活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附率高达 100% ,对 400mg/LKN R的吸附率也可达91.4% .在 0～2%范围内 ,随着盐度 (NaCl)的增加 ,菌体干重增加 ;颗粒状菌团的直径却随之减小 ,比表面积增大 ,对GX2生长菌体的染料吸附表现出较为明显的促进作用 .碳源浓度通过影响菌体的生长而影响染料吸附 ,当培养基中的葡萄糖浓度大于 2.5g/L时 ,即可使浓度为 120mg/L的活性艳蓝KN R溶液完全脱色 .生长菌体具有比静止活体和死体更好的吸附性能 .     

空气和废气中醛酮污染物的气相色谱测定

以２,４－二硝基肼酸性饱和溶液吸收空气和废气中的醛和酮所形成的腙衍生物用毛细管气相色谱分析。本法预处理回收率在９４％以上,最低检测限为０．０５－０．１ｎｇ,可测定空气和车间空气中挥发性和半挥发性醛和酮类污染物。