磁性介孔锰铁复合氧化物对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能研究

以复合金属草酸盐为前驱体制备了纳米晶构筑的介孔锰铁氧化物材料,采用透射电镜、X射线衍射仪和固体比表面测定仪等对产物进行了表征.并研究了其对水体Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能,考察了pH及离子强度对吸附容量的影响、吸附动力学、吸附等温线以及碱液对Cr(Ⅵ)的洗脱率。结果表明,获得的锰铁氧化物为纳米晶构筑的介孔材料,比表面达277.4 m2/g,对Cr(Ⅵ)在酸性条件下有较强的吸附性能。在初始Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为100 mg/L,pH值在2时,10 min内能使溶液中的Cr(Ⅵ)去除率达96.8%,最大Cr(Ⅵ)吸附容量Qm为40 mg/g。     

基于环境责任保险的动态环境侵权救济体系研究

通过对环境责任保险的定义和特点的总结,以及对其环境侵权救济功能的探讨,得出结论:社会从矫正的正义观到分配的正义观的转变,是推动环境责任保险制度发展的根本原因;赋予第三人直接请求权是环境责任保险制度的重要组成部分;公共补偿制度的建立和发展是对环境责任保险制度的必要补充。在此结论的基础上,以环境侵权受害者能够得到及时有效的救济为出发点,构建了以环境责任保险制度为核心的动态侵权救济体系:民事救济作为第一层次,通过法律程序来确认侵权行为、责任主体以及赔偿额度等事项;环境责任保险作为第二层次,用来分散被保险人的污染损害赔偿责任,补偿受害者损失;公共补偿制度作为第三层次,用来补充民事救济和环境责任保险所未能覆盖到的受害者的人身、财产损失。三个层次联动配合、相互补充,从而在我国面临日益增多的环境污染事故的情况下,为受害者、企业和国家开辟了一条新的环境侵权救济之路。     

Study on the Effect of Dicumyl Peroxide on Structure and Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Natural Rubber Blend

In attempt to enhance the compatibility of NR in PLA matrix, and furthermore to enhance mechanical properties of PLA, PLA/NR blends with strong interaction were prepared in Haake internal mixer, using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as cross-linker. The effects of dicumyl peroxide on morphology, thermal properties, mechanical properties and rheological properties of PLA and PLA/NR blends were studied. The results indicated that dicumyl peroxide could increase the compatibility of poly(lactic acid) and natural rubber. With small amount of dicumyl peroxide, the effect on NR toughening PLA was enhanced and the tensile toughness of PLA/NR blends was improved. When the DCP content was up to 0.2 wt%, the PLA/NR blend reached the maximum elongation at break (26.21 %) which was 2.5 times of that of neat PLA (the elongation at break of neat PLA was 10.7 %). Meanwhile, with introducing 2 wt% DCP into PLA/NR blend, the maximum Charpy impact strength (7.36 kJ/m²) could be achieved which was 1.8 times of that of neat PLA (4.18 kJ/m²). Moreover, adding adequate amount of DCP could improve the processing properties of blends: the viscosity of PLA/NR blend decreased significantly and the lowest viscosity of the blends could be achieved when the DCP content was 0.5 wt%.     

湿热水解处理餐厨垃圾氮素转化规律

为了研究餐厨垃圾湿热水解过程中氮素的变化规律,设计了10、30、60、90和120℃5个温度水平以及30、60、90、120、150和180min6个加热时间水平,进行了30组完全实验,对不同湿热条件下餐厨垃圾粗蛋白、TN、NH4＋-N、NO3-N、有机氮及氨基酸等氮的不同存在形式的变化规律进行实验研究。结果表明,10、30及60℃条件下蛋白质的高级结构不会改变,利于粗蛋白的积累,且在温度120℃,加热时间90min条件下粗蛋白百分含量最高,占干物质的31．34％;随温度的升高和加热时间的延长TN、NHf-N和有机氮含量均上升;当温度达到120℃,由于水解反应,各温度处理下NHf．N浓度超过有机氮浓度,而NO3-N始终维持较低水平。氨基酸总量随温度的升高和水解时间的延长呈上升趋势,当温度达90％,加热时间达180min时,处理后餐厨垃圾总氨基酸百分含量最高,达164％,但温度达到120℃时,随着处理时间的延长,餐厨垃圾总氨基酸含量明显降低。     

Sustainable Development by Design: Review of Life Cycle Design and Related Approaches

The environmental profile of goods and services that satisfy our individual and societal needs is shaped by design activities. Substantial evidence suggests that current patterns of human activity on a global scale are not following a sustainable path. Necessary changes to achieve a more sustainable system will require that environmental issues be more effectively addressed in design. But at present much confusion surrounds the incorporation of environmental objectives into the design process. Although not yet fully embraced by industry, the product life cycle system is becoming widely recognized as a useful design framework for understanding the links between societal needs, economic systems and their environmental consequences. The product life cycle encompasses all activities from raw material extraction, manufacturing, and use to final disposal of all residuals.

Life cycle design (LCD), Design for Environment (DFE), and related initiatives based on this product life cycle are emerging as systematic approaches for integrating environmental issues into design. This review presents the life cycle design framework developed forthe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a structure for discussing the environmental design literature. Specifying environmental requirements and evaluation metrics are essential elements of designing for sustainable development. A major challenge for successful design is choosing appropriate strategies that satisfy cost, performance, cultural, and legal criteria while also optimizing environmental objectives. Various methods for specifying requirements, strategies for reducing environmental burden, and environmental evaluation tools are explored and critiqued. Currently, many organizational and operational factors limit the applicability of life cycle design and other design approaches to sustainable development. For example, lack of environmental data and simple, effective evaluation tools are major barriers. Despite these problems, companies are beginning to pursue aspects of life cycle design. The future of life cycle design and sustainable development depends on education, government policy and regulations, and industry leadership but fundamental changes in societal values and behavior will ultimately determine the fate of the planet’s life support system.     

河湖疏浚淤泥的表征、絮凝和脱水

以无锡锡山湿地公园河道淤泥及太湖贡湖湾疏浚底泥为研究对象,对比分析了两种淤泥的矿物组成、粒径分布及泥微粒表面基团、ζ电位等理化特性。以聚丙烯酰胺类聚合物(polyacrylamide,PAM)为絮凝剂,对比分析了其在2种底泥絮凝分离、真空抽滤脱水过程中的作用特征,并对相关影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明,两种淤泥样具有相近的主体矿物组分、有机基团及ζ电位值,但有机质含量稍高的淤泥样中大颗粒所占比例相对较高。相比阳离子型PAM,阴离子型PAM在较少用量下即可获得较大絮团,但上清液浊度较高。絮凝泥在抽滤过程受絮团尺寸影响较大,PAM不同类型基团间的差异对其影响较小,但对趋于平衡后的泥饼含水率略有影响。     

Removal of algal blooms from freshwater by the coagulation–magnetic separation method

This research investigated the feasibility of changing waste into useful materials for water treatment and proposed a coagulation–magnetic separation technique. This technique was rapid and highly effective for clearing up harmful algal blooms in freshwater and mitigating lake eutrophication. A magnetic coagulant was synthesized by compounding acid-modified fly ash with magnetite (Fe₃O₄). Its removal effects on algal cells and dissolved organics in water were studied. After mixing, coagulation, and magnetic separation, the flocs obtained from the magnet surface were examined by SEM. Treated samples were withdrawn for the content determination of chlorophyll-a, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. More than 99 % of algal cells were removed within 5 min after the addition of magnetic coagulant at optimal loadings (200 mg L^?1). The removal efficiencies of COD, total nitrogen, and phosphorus were 93, 91, and 94 %, respectively. The mechanism of algal removal explored preliminarily showed that the magnetic coagulant played multiple roles in mesoporous adsorption, netting and bridging, as well as high magnetic responsiveness to a magnetic field. The magnetic–coagulation separation method can rapidly and effectively remove algae from water bodies and greatly mitigate eutrophication of freshwater using a new magnetic coagulant. The method has good performance, is low cost, can turn waste into something valuable, and provides reference and directions for future pilot and production scale-ups.     

中国排污权有偿使用与交易实证的比较研究

建立排污权有偿使用与交易制度对于解决过高的环境治理成本问题具有重要作用.总结了中国排污权有偿使用与交易试点地区的实践经验,梳理并分析了不同时期、不同地区的交易模式、组织过程和主要方法,以期推动中国排污权交易工作的顺利开展和有序推进,进而推动符合国情的排污权交易政策体系的构建.结果表明,总体而言各试点地区的排污权有偿使用和交易在探索中不断发展,取得了积极成效:促进了环境管理的精细化,为地方经济的发展提供了空间,促进了环境质量改善.最后还指出,中国的排污权有偿使用和交易工作中仍存在政策制度建设支撑不足、交易市场活跃度不高、后期监管不力等问题,今后应依法依规,始终坚持由易到难、积极稳妥、重点突破的原则,由点到面、有序推进试点工作.     

Preliminaries on pollution risk factors related to mining and ore processing in the Cu-rich pollymetallic belt of Eastern Carpathians, Romania

The present study focuses on the mineralogical and geochemical patterns of mining and ore-processing wastes from some occurrences in the Eastern Carpathians; its aim is to identify the main factors and processes that could lead to the pollution of the environment. In this respect, the following types of solid waste were investigated: efflorescent salts developed on the surface of rock blocks from a quarry, ore-processing waste from two tailings ponds, and salt crusts developed at the surface of a tailings pond. The potential risks emphasized by these preliminary investigations are the following: (1) the risk of wind-driven removal and transport of the waste from the surface of tailings ponds, given that fine grains prevail (up to 80 %); (2) the risk of tailings removal through mechanical transport by water, during heavy rainfall; (3) the appearance of hydrated sulfates on the rock fragments from the mining waste, sulfates which are highly susceptible to the generation of acid mine drainage (pH?<?4); (4) the high amount of toxic elements (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, As, etc.) that acid mine drainage leachates contain; and (5) the development of a salt crust on the flat, horizontal surfaces of the waste deposit, due to this very shape. Statistical data regarding the amount of both major and minor elements in the tailings have revealed two statistical populations for nearly all the toxic metals. This suggests that, beyond the effect that the tailings have upon the environment through their mere presence in a given area, there are alleged additional factors and processes which intensify the pollution: the location of the waste deposit relative to the topography of the area; the shape of the waste deposit; the development of low areas on the surface of the deposit, areas which favor the appearance of salt crusts; and the mineralogy of efflorescent aggregates.