High methane emissions from a littoral zone on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The littoral zones of lakes have been regarded as hotspots of methane (CH₄) fluxes through several studies. In the present study, we measured CH₄ fluxes in six kinds of littoral zones of Huahu Lake on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the peak growing season of 2006 and 2007. We found that CH₄ efflux (ranging from −0.1 to 90 mg CH₄ m⁻² h⁻¹) from the littoral zones of this lake was relatively high among those of boreal and temperate lakes. Our results also showed that emergent plant zones (Hippuris vulgaris and Glyceria maxima stands) recorded the highest CH₄ flux rate. The CH₄ flux in the floating mat zone of Carex muliensis was significantly lower than those of the emergent plant zones. CH₄ fluxes in the floating-leaved zone of Polygonum amphibium and bare lakeshore showed no significant difference and ranked last but one, only higher than that of the littoral meadow (Kobresia tibetica). Plant biomass and standing water depths were important factors to explain such spatial variations in CH₄ fluxes. No significant temporal variations in CH₄ fluxes were found due to the insignificant variations of physical factors in the peak growing season. These results may help in our understanding of the importance of the littoral zone of lakes, especially the emergent plant zone, as a hotspot of CH₄ emission.     

垃圾渗滤液处理工艺中有机污染物的三维荧光光谱

利用荧光发射和三维荧光光谱研究了三峡库区某垃圾堆场的渗滤液及其处理工艺出水溶解性有机质(DOM)的荧光光谱特性。堆场渗滤液的DOM含有类酪氨酸、色氨酸及紫外区类富里酸,特征荧光峰中心位于E_x/E_m=275 nm/305 nm,为高激发波长类酪氨酸,与前人的研究结果并不一致,这可能与垃圾的堆放期有关。渗滤液和各处理工艺出水的荧光指数f_450/500均大于1.9,表明腐殖质主要为微生物源。渗滤液在处理前后荧光峰特征和强度均发生明显改变,类蛋白荧光强度与DOC值变化趋势基本一致。生化处理工艺中,类蛋白荧光强度降低了66.4%～95.5%,紫外区类富里酸荧光强度只降低了28.8%,显示类蛋白质具有良好的可生化性,而类富里酸相对较难生化降解。三维荧光光谱能反映渗滤液处理过程中污染物的种类、性质和数量等变化信息,能快速地进行定性分析、定量评价。     

曝气生物滤池处理农村污水的中试研究

采用研制的曝气生物滤池对农村污水进行处理,研究其性能特点和影响因素。结果表明：在气水比为5∶1,水力停留时间（HRT）为15 h,进水COD浓度在250 mg/L以下时,COD和氨氮的去除率分别在80％和90％以上,出水COD和氨氮值达到国家《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级A标准;反应器在冬季水温12℃以上运行时出水COD和氨氮值比在夏季运行时有所上升,但去除率仍在80%和90%以上,可以达到排放标准。     

Emergy Evaluation of the Natural Value of Water Resources in Chinese Rivers

Emergy theory and method were used to evaluate the economy of China and the contributions of water resources in Chinese rivers to the real wealth of the Chinese economy. The water cycle and energy conversion were reviewed, and an emergy method for evaluating the natural value of water resources in a river watershed was developed. The indices for China calculated from the emergy evaluation were close to those of developing countries. Despite a small surplus in its balance of payments, China had a net emergy loss from its trade in 2002. The efficiency of Chinese natural resource use was still not high and did not match its economic growth rate. Furthermore, the Chinese economy placed a stress on its ecological environment and natural resources. Several indices of Chinese rivers from the emergy evaluation were close to those of average global river water. The main average indices of Chinese rivers were transformity (4.17 × 10⁴ sej/J), emergy per volume (2.05 × 10¹¹ sej/m³), and emdollar per volume (0.06 $/m³). The total value of all the rivers’ water made up 13.0% of the GDP of China in 2002, and that of water consumption accounted for 2.1%. The value of the water resources in the Haihe-luanhe River (11.39 × 10⁴ sej/J) was the highest, followed by the Yellow River (10.27 × 10⁴ sej/J), while the rivers in Southwest China had the lowest values (2.92 × 10⁴ sej/J).     

含油污泥热解处理的试验与应用

介绍了欢三联含油污泥热解处理工程的工艺流程、技术要点、设计参数、运行效果和效益情况。调试工作表明,热解炉系统工艺作为一个整体,能够稳定有效运行,残渣的测验结果表明,残渣可以达到无害化程度,含油率小于0.3%(满足GB 4284-84《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》的要求)。以12t/d的处理量运行,能耗成本为74.47元/t,产生的经济效益为125.50元/t,同时产生较好的社会效益。另外,热解固态产物也有较好的利用价值,可以进一步研究利用。     

生境破碎化的法律规制

在我国经济迅速发展的今天,城市化的推进是不可避免的,但同时所带来的生境破碎化值得引起我们高度重视,其所引起的面积效应和边缘效应已经对我国的生物多样性造成极其严重的影响。为改善生境破碎化的现状,仅仅从环境科学领域进行技术创新已不能满足现实需要,必须从立法上为生境保护提供完备的法律规制。我国现存立法中已有零碎的条款提出对生境的保护,但仍存在很多问题,例如,生境保护的主体宽泛、土地利用规划中未考虑生境的保护、对破碎化生境后的遗留问题处理不当等。解决这些问题,需要加强对生境破碎化的法律规制：建立完备的法规体系、明确保护主体、合理规划土地利用、确立责任承担制度以及对已破碎化的生境采取补救措施。     

准好氧填埋场FSQ标准的室内模拟研究

以室内模拟实验为基础,对准好氧填埋场的FSQ标准作了相关研究.实验结果表明,准好氧填埋的渗滤液COD与其他指标的变化具有明显的不同步性,根据该特点,把准好氧填埋场的稳定化过程划分为不稳定、基本稳定和完全稳定3个阶段.相应把准好氧填埋的FSQ标准分为2级:基本稳定状态时的FSQ二级标准,完全稳定状态时的FSQ一级标准.在评价基本稳定状态时,场地沉降量为控制性指标,确定准好氧填埋的FSQ二级标准为:填埋场地总沉降量占垃圾初始填埋高度的比例≥30%,渗滤液COD≤400 mg/L、NH3-N≤15 mg/L、TVS/TDS≤6%,固相垃圾BDM≤6%;在评价完全稳定状态时,渗滤液COD作为控制性指标,概化总结出准好氧填埋的FSQ一级标准为:填埋场地总沉降量占垃圾初始填埋高度的比例＞30%,渗滤液COD≤100 mg/L、NH3-N≤15mg/L、TVS/TDS≤3%,固相垃圾BDM≤3%.     

模拟配水管网中悬浮颗粒物对生物膜形成的影响

分别采用2 μm、8 μm醋酸纤维滤膜过滤活性炭柱出水,滤出水分别通入BAR反应器,以活性炭出水做对照试验通入BAR反应器,加氯（次氯酸钠）量均为0.5 mg·L^－１（总氯）,对比3种水质情况下生物膜的形成过程,采用颗粒计数仪测定BAR进水的颗粒物分布.结果表明,悬浮颗粒物能携带大量细菌避开消毒剂的作用,且对生物膜上的细菌量有直接影响.生物膜上的细菌量为：活性炭出水>8 μm滤出水>2 μm滤出水.颗粒物的存在使生物膜结构不稳定,推迟了达到最大生物量的时间,且颗粒物数量越多,粒径越大,生物膜稳定性越差,达最大生物量的时间越长,试验中2号BAR生物膜达最大生物量的时间比1号BAR中生物膜迟4 d,3号BAR生物膜达最大生物量的时间比2号BAR生物膜迟8 d;进水颗粒物数量对出水的细菌量影响很大,颗粒物数量越多,出水细菌量越多.     

抚顺市环境噪声达标区建设研究

对抚顺市环境噪声的现状进行了调查研究。提出了抚顺市环境噪声达标区的建立和划分,制定出抚顺市环境噪声达标区具体保护措施。为加速城市环境噪声污染综合治理工作,提高抚顺市声环境质量打下良好基础。     

上海市电磁辐射污染源现状分析及防护对策

对上海市电磁辐射污染分布现状进行分析,并利用GIS技术进行典型污染源分布分析,提出管理对策与防护建议。