基于不同漏风源浅埋煤层采空区自燃“三带”分布规律研究*

为解决浅埋自燃煤层采空区因地表及工作面漏风而自燃的难题,以沙坪煤矿1818工作面为例,利用SF6示踪法检测采空区地表漏风通道和风速,利用FLUENT数值模拟分析不同漏风源采空区自燃“三带”分布的特征,并通过现场束管测试结果对比分析浅埋煤层采空区地表漏风对自燃“三带”分布的影响,同时限定工作面最小推进速度,确保工作面的安全生产。研究结果表明:地表漏风风速为0.06～0.30 m/s,漏风通道多且复杂;相比于工作面单一漏风源,有地表漏风存在时,自燃危险性加大;限定工作面最小推进速度为1.24 m/d。因此,多漏风源煤层开采条件下自燃“三带”分布的确定对浅埋藏自燃煤层采空区遗煤自燃预测预报及预防工作具有重要的指导和借鉴意义。     

Goethite and lepidocrocite catalyzing different double-oxidant systems to degrade chlorophenol

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Goethite and lepidocrocite, as the main compositions of pipe deposits in the water distribution network, could be used as a catalyst for advanced...     

Selection of a water-extractable phosphorus test for manures and biosolids as an indicator of runoff loss potential

The correlation of runoff phosphorus (P) with water-extractable phosphorus (WEP) in land-applied manures and biosolids has spurred wide use of WEP as a water quality indicator. Land managers, planners, and researchers need a common WEP protocol to consistently use WEP in nutrient management. Our objectives were to (i) identify a common WEP protocol with sufficient accuracy and precision to be adopted by commercial testing laboratories and (ii) confirm that the common protocol is a reliable index of runoff P. Ten laboratories across North America evaluated alternative protocols with an array of manure and biosolids samples. A single laboratory analyzed all samples and conducted a separate runoff study with the manures and biosolids. Extraction ratio (solution:solids) was the most important factor affecting WEP, with WEP increasing from 10:1 to 100:1 and increasing from 100:1 to 200:1. When WEP was measured by a single laboratory, correlations with runoff P from packed soil boxes amended with manure and biosolids ranged from 0.79 to 0.92 across all protocol combinations (extraction ratio, filtration method, and P determination method). Correlations with P in runoff were slightly lower but significant when WEP was measured by the 10 labs (r=0.56-0.86). Based on laboratory repeatability and water quality evaluation criteria, we recommend the following common protocol: 100:1 extraction ratio; 1-h shaking and centrifuge 10 min at 1500xg (filter with Whatman #1 paper if necessary); and determining P by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry or colorimetric methods.     

Assessing the efficiency gains of improved spatial targeting of policy interventions; the example of an agri-environmental scheme

GIS-based spatial targeting is increasingly recognised as a potentially useful tool to design more efficient policy interventions. The use of this tool has also been advocated in the context of incentive-based agri-environmental schemes, but there has been little work to date to estimate the level of efficiency gains which it may help to achieve. This paper investigates the requirements to arrive at such estimates, using a Scottish farm woodland scheme as a case study. This agri-environmental scheme aims to provide visual amenity and biodiversity. Maps of these two benefits are used to develop improved spatial targeting scenarios that deliver significant efficiency gains in comparison to the existing scheme design. The paper discusses the nature of the spatial distribution of the relevant benefits at the landscape scale and the data requirements for the realistic estimation of efficiency gains. It concludes that although much work needs to be done, the methods available today could and should play a much greater role in improving the landscape-scale design of existing land use schemes focused on the delivery of non-market benefits.     

列车振动荷载对柴达木盆地雅丹地貌稳定性的影响

基于青海省地方铁路鱼卡至一里坪线路经过的雅丹地貌密集分布区现场调查和地质勘探,以室内物理力学试验结果为基础,利用数值软件ABAQUS对区域内典型雅丹模型进行稳定性计算分析。选取典型形态的雅丹地貌进行天然状态下的静力分析,对该区内雅丹地貌的天然稳定性做出评价。进而根据列车通过场地振动测试结果,对列车振动荷载作用下不同边坡角度雅丹的动力响应特征进行了计算,揭示了列车振动引起的雅丹失稳破坏机制。研究结果表明:天然状态下不同施工边坡角度对雅丹地貌自身的稳定性影响很小,可以忽略不计;列车荷载振动作用下对雅丹地貌自身的稳定性影响显著增强,其总位移、Mises应力值和剪应力S12值均显著增大,且随着列车运行距离的增大,雅丹的峰值加速度急剧减小。随着边坡角度的增大,加速度的放大作用愈加明显,且坡脚到坡顶的PGA呈明显放大趋势。最后给出了该线路在列车振动荷载作用下对其周围雅丹地貌稳定性影响显著的距离和合理的路基边坡角度范围。