高速公路沿线路面灰尘及土壤中重金属污染特征研究

本文选择昌九、昌樟、温厚三条高速公路为研究对象,采集了路面灰尘和路旁表层土壤,测定了其中锰、锌、铜、铅、锑和镉的浓度。通过分析重金属之间的相关性、重金属含量与车流量之间的关系,比较本研究与国内外相关文献,希望能说明锰、锌、铜、铅、锑和镉这几种重金属的来源,并对这几种重金属的污染状况进行了评价。研究结果表明,交通活动释放的锌主要来源于轮胎磨损;铜和锑主要来源于制动板的磨损;虽然汽油中禁止添加铅,汽车轮轴轴承摩擦、制动衬面摩擦还会释放出铅;轮胎、润滑油和金属表面都会释放出镉;虽然汽油中添加的锰基抗爆剂会向环境中释放锰,但交通环境路面灰尘和土壤中的锰仍主要来源于自然环境。路面灰尘和土壤中重金属含量与车流量之间显著正相关,其浓度从高到低呈现了相似的规律:Zn > Cu、Pb > Sb、Cd。路面灰尘中重金属单项污染指数:Cd≫Zn、Cu > Sb > Pb。土壤中重金属单项污染指数从高到低依次为:Cd > Sb > Cu > Zn > Pb。公路旁环境介质中重金属污染风险等级:Cd≫Cu > Pb > Zn。汽车尾气、制动板和轮胎磨损是交通源污染物的主要来源,而非尾气排放源是交通环境重金属污染物的主要来源。     

微生物在污泥堆肥处理中的优化改良

为了研究微生物组合菌剂在污泥堆肥中的优化改良作用,本文以地衣芽孢杆菌、高产木聚糖酶短小芽孢杆菌、高产淀粉酶枯草芽孢杆菌和耐辐射枯草芽孢杆菌为菌种,分别以0%、5%、10%的3种接种量为正交试验水平,按照不同比例微生物菌剂组合对污泥进行了需氧堆肥的L9(34)正交试验,考察了堆体有机质含量、全氮含量、全磷含量、蛔虫卵死亡率和粪大肠菌群等堆肥指标是否能够达到微生物有机肥标准。结果表明:不同菌剂组合均对堆肥指标有一定影响,能够不同程度地改善堆肥的表观状态、加速有机质的降解、固定氮、释放磷和钾、提高蛔虫卵死亡率、减少粪大肠菌群数,其中10%的高产木聚糖酶短小芽孢杆菌、10%高产淀粉酶枯草芽孢杆菌、10%耐辐射枯草芽孢杆菌、0%地衣芽孢杆菌的菌剂组合最有利于污泥堆肥。     

功能涂料在雷达上的应用

雷达上所用涂料已从单一的防护功能向多功能方向发展,文中主要介绍了近年来雷达中应用较广的几种功能涂料,包括吸波涂料、电磁屏蔽涂料、抗静电涂料、重防腐涂料,以及雷达用功能涂料的发展、特点、研究现状等。最后指出了雷达对功能涂料的进一步要求。     

回灌频率对联合型生物反应器填埋场的影响研究

为解决厌氧型生物反应器填埋场中氨氮积累问题,加速填埋场的稳定化进程,将厌氧生物反应器填埋场和准好氧矿化垃圾反应床串联。实验设置了1个厌氧型生物反应器填埋场(ANBL1#)作为参照组,2个厌氧-准好氧联合型生物反应器填埋场(AN-SABL2#、AN-SABL 3#)作为对照组,以研究不同回灌频率下AN-SABL的稳定化规律。研究结果表明:AN-SABL2#、AN-SABL3#可缩短酸化时间,渗滤液的pH值分别在94周、98周升至大于7,而ANBL1#渗滤液的pH值直至100周仍小于7。AN-SABL系统可有效降解渗滤液COD浓度,实验进行到100周左右时,AN-SABL2#、AN-SABL3#系统中厌氧柱D2、D3柱COD浓度仅为ANBL1#系统中厌氧柱D1柱的40.63%、12.5%,而准好氧柱对渗滤液COD的去除率大部分在95%以上。AN-SABL系统能缓解厌氧型生物反应器填埋场中氨氮积累问题,这主要依靠矿化垃圾床良好的生物脱氮作用,厌氧柱D1、D2、D3中NH3-N含量总体趋势为:NH3-ND1>NH3-ND3,NH3-ND1>NH3-ND2,准好氧d2、d3柱氨氮去除率均在90%以上,且厌氧-准好氧联合型生物反应器填埋场(AN-SABL)在实验产酸阶段低回灌频率(3 d/次)对氨氮的去除有利,而后期高回灌频率(1 d/次)更有利。     

长春市双阳区农村生活污水排放情况分析

双阳区环境监测站与环境监察大队结合双阳区实际,选取双阳区南部低山丘陵区以山河街羊圈村、北部平原区以奢岭镇幸福村和双胜村、东北部水源地准保护区以齐家镇曙光村和长岭村为代表的5个行政村生活污水排放情况进行实地调研,同时对双阳区全区农村生活污水排放情况进行统计,从而得出双阳区各流域生活污水受纳量及受污染情况。     

火电厂烟气脱硝技术探析

介绍了烟气脱硝技术中的选择性催化还原技术SCR、选择性非催化还原技术SNCR以及混合型SNCR-SCR三种工艺。在比较三种工艺的基础上得出前两者工艺的优势和不足以及当前火电厂使用SNCR-SCR混合型烟气脱硝技术较多的原因所在。     

磷酸法活化银杏叶活性炭对DBP的吸附性能研究

以银杏树叶为原料,使用磷酸活化法制备粉末活性炭,采用银杏叶粉末活性炭作为吸附剂,研究了其对DBP的吸附性能.研究考察了温度、吸附时间、pH对DBP吸附性能的影响,同时拟合了吸附等温线,探讨了热力学和动力学性质.结果表明温度、吸附时间、pH对吸附效果均有影响,吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,吸附过程是自发的,二级动力学方程更好地描述吸附动力学规律.     

土壤改良剂及其组合原位钝化果园土壤中的Pb、Cd

采用土壤改良剂及其组合,研究了重庆市金果园2个园区土壤中Pb、Cd的原位钝化效果.实验包括8种处理:对照、生石灰、过磷酸钙、有机肥、生石灰+过磷酸钙、生石灰+有机肥、过磷酸钙+有机肥、生石灰+过磷酸钙+有机肥.结果表明,除单施过磷酸钙外,其它改良剂处理都能降低枇杷园和桃园土壤酸度.与对照比较,单施生石灰可显著提高枇杷园和桃园土壤pH,处理120 d时土壤pH分别提高0.93和0.79个单位.改良剂处理均能降低土壤中Pb、Cd的生物有效性,进而降低果品中的Pb、Cd含量.配施生石灰和过磷酸钙可显著降低枇杷园和桃园土壤有效态Pb含量,处理150 d时分别下降3.46%和3.56%,枇杷和桃子中Pb含量分别下降18.3%和14.44%.单施生石灰可显著降低枇杷园土壤有效态Cd含量,处理150 d时下降10.95%;配施生石灰、过磷酸钙和有机肥能显著降低桃园土壤有效态Cd含量,处理150 d时下降7.09%.施加改良剂可进一步降低枇杷中的Cd含量,单施生石灰使枇杷和桃子中的Cd含量分别下降30.91%和24.62%.     

Drinking water treatment using a submerged internal-circulation membrane coagulation reactor coupled with permanganate oxidation

A submerged internal circulating membrane coagulation reactor(MCR) was used to treat surface water to produce drinking water. Polyaluminum chloride(PACl) was used as coagulant,and a hydrophilic polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF) submerged hollow fiber microfiltration membrane was employed. The influences of trans-membrane pressure(TMP), zeta potential(ZP) of the suspended particles in raw water, and KMnO_4 dosing on water flux and the removal of turbidity and organic matter were systematically investigated. Continuous bench-scale experiments showed that the permeate quality of the MCR satisfied the requirement for a centralized water supply, according to the Standards for Drinking Water Quality of China(GB 5749-2006), as evaluated by turbidity(1 NTU) and total organic carbon(TOC)(5 mg/L)measurements. Besides water flux, the removal of turbidity, TOC and dissolved organic carbon(DOC) in the raw water also increased with increasing TMP in the range of 0.01–0.05 MPa. High ZP induced by PACl, such as 5–9 mV, led to an increase in the number of fine and total particles in the MCR, and consequently caused serious membrane fouling and high permeate turbidity.However, the removal of TOC and DOC increased with increasing ZP. A slightly positive ZP, such as 1–2 mV, corresponding to charge neutralization coagulation, was favorable for membrane fouling control. Moreover, dosing with KMnO_4 could further improve the removal of turbidity and DOC, thereby mitigating membrane fouling. The results are helpful for the application of the MCR in producing drinking water and also beneficial to the research and application of other coagulation and membrane separation hybrid processes.     

Performance of CH4MOD wetland for the case study of different regions of natural Chinese wetland

Reliable national estimates of CH₄ emissions from natural wetlands depend on model validation based on site observations. We therefore evaluated the performance of the CH4MOD_wetland model in simulating CH₄ emissions from 11 representative wetland sites in five regions of China. Model performance analysis showed that this method effectively simulates differences in the CH₄ fluxes between different sites and regions. The model efficiency for estimating the daily CH₄ fluxes in the northeastern China (NE), Inner Mongolia and northwestern China (NW), the North China plain and the Middle-Lower Yangtze Plain (E) and the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau (SW) was 0.51, 0.20, 0.52 and 0.65, respectively. The efficiency for estimating the annual mean CH₄ fluxes in southern China (S) was 0.99. Systematic negative deviation between the simulated and observed CH₄ emissions existed in all regions, especially in the NW region, which had a mean deviation (RMD) value of − 36.7%. On the national scale, the root mean square error (RMSE), the RMD, the model efficiency (EF) between the simulated and observed seasonal values were 28.7%, − 7.8% and 0.93, respectively. The CH₄ emissions showed the highest sensitivity to air temperature in the NE and SW regions, and to water table depth in the E region. Based on the sensitivity analysis, future climate warming and wetting are likely to increase the wetland CH₄ emissions at different levels in all regions of China.