气田钻井废物特性与污染控制

钻井废物是气田开发区生态环境的主要污染物之一.通过现场调查与室内测试分析可知,废泥浆岩屑是主要的气田钻井废物,经固化后的废泥浆岩屑属于Ⅱ类一般工业固体废物,其浸出液对环境的影响因子为pH值、COD和悬浮物.针对既有的集中堆渣场,按工程投资的大小,提出了高位、中位、低位3套整治方案,推选低位整治方案,针对后续的钻井废物,...     

第三方实验室信息管理系统应用中存在的问题及发展趋势探讨

上世纪九十年代开始,LIMS系统在我国第三方实验室得到应用.实验室由此改进了管理模式,提高了工作效率,减少了管理成本.但是多方面制约因素使其成熟度和先进性与国外类似系统存在较大差距.本文从LIMS的功能、信号采集、实施全过程质量管理和延伸服务能力四个方面,简要介绍目前国内第三方实验室应用现状和存在的问题,初步分析今后L...     

辽宁省主体功能区划分指标体系优化研究

在国家推荐的<省级主体功能区划分技术规程(试用)>以及具体建议的基础上,根据辽宁省的实际情况,提出选择区划关键指标的基本原则,并对全省主体功能区划分的指标体系进行了选择和优化.基于以上基础工作,进一步以全省100个县(市、区)为基础,将全省合并为58个分析评价单元,采用选择的关键划分指标和实际数据,运用SPSS软件的K-均值聚类方法,初步划分出9个优化开发区、27重点开发区、14个限制开发的农业地区和8个限制开发的生态地区.     

循环流化床半干法垃圾焚烧烟气脱酸的试验研究

针对垃圾焚烧烟气中含HCl和SO2较多的特点,对循环流化床半干法烟气脱酸进行试验研究,并测试炉膛温度、Ca( OH)2给料量、烟气流量、烟气温度、喷水量等影响酸性气体产生和脱酸效率的主要参数.结果表明:SO2产生量随炉膛温度增加而降低,HCl产生量在炉膛温度为900～950℃之间最低,在低于900℃和高于950℃均有所升高;Ca(OH)2给料量由70 kg/h增加至210 kg/h,HCl和SO2的排放值分别由157.8mg/m3、123.6mg/m3降至23.1 mg/m3、49.1 mg/m3;烟气流量由30 000 m3/h增至45 000 m3/h,SO2的排放值变化不大,而HCl的排放值有明显增加,同时为满足烟气中O2含量要求,烟气流量应不低于36 000 m3/h; HCI和SO2的排放值随烟气温度的降低和喷水量的增加而不断降低,同时为满足布袋除尘器稳定运行的要求,烟气温度宜控制在150℃以上.在炉膛温度为900～950℃,熟石灰给料量为160 kg/h,烟气温度为160℃,烟气流量为36 000 m3/h和喷水量为0.8～ 1.0 t/h时,烟气中HCl和SO2的排放值分别为40.6mg/m3和77.9mg/m3,烟气净化系统的脱酸效果达到最佳.     

Ammonia emission factors from broiler litter in barns, in storage, and after land application

We measured NH? emissions from litter in broiler houses, during storage, and after land application and conducted a mass balance of N in poultry houses. Four state-of-the-art tunnel-ventilated broiler houses in northwest Arkansas were equipped with NH? sensors, anemometers, and data loggers to continuously record NH? concentrations and ventilation for 1 yr. Gaseous fluxes of NH?, N?O, CH?, and CO? from litter were measured. Nitrogen (N) inputs and outputs were quantified. Ammonia emissions during storage and after land application were measured. Ammonia emissions during the flock averaged approximately 15.2 kg per day-house (equivalent to 28.3 g NH?per bird marketed). Emissions between flocks equaled 9.09 g NH? per bird. Hence, in-house NH? emissions were 37.5 g NH? per bird, or 14.5 g kg(-1) bird marketed (50-d-old birds). The mass balance study showed N inputs for the year to the four houses totaled 71,340 kg N, with inputs from bedding, chicks, and feed equal to 303, 602, and 70,435 kg, respectively (equivalent to 0.60, 1.19, and 139.56 g N per bird). Nitrogen outputs totaled 70,396 kg N. Annual N output from birds marketed, NH? emissions, litter or cake, mortality, and NO? emissions was 39,485, 15,571, 14,464, 635, and 241 kg N, respectively (equivalent to 78.2, 30.8, 28.7, 1.3, and 0.5 g N per bird). The percent N recovery for the N mass balance study was 98.8%. Ammonia emissions from stacked litter during a 16-d storage period were 172 g Mg(-1) litter, which is equivalent to 0.18 g NH? per bird. Ammonia losses from poultry litter broadcast to pastures were 34 kg N ha (equivalent to 15% of total N applied or 7.91 g NH? per bird). When the litter was incorporated into the pasture using a new knifing technique, NH? losses were virtually zero. The total NH? emission factor for broilers measured in this study, which includes losses in-house, during storage, and after land application, was 45.6 g NH? per bird marketed.     

Phosphorus runoff from sewage sludge applied to different slopes of lateritic soil

Sewage sludge (SS) applied to sloping fields at rates that exceed annual forest nutrient requirements can be a source of phosphorus (P) in runoff. This study investigates the effects of different slopes (18, 27, 36, and 45%) on P in runoff from plots amended with SS (120 Mg ha). Lateritic soil (pH 5.2) was exposed to five simulated rainfalls (90 mm h) on outdoor plots. When sludge was broadcast and mixed with surface soils, the concentrations and loss in runoff of total P in the mixed sample (MTP), total P in the settled sample (STP), total particulate P (TPP), total suspended P (TSP), and total dissolved P (TDP) were highest at 1 or 18 d after application. Initially, pollution risks to surface waters generally increased to different degrees with steeper slopes, and then diminished gradually with dwindling differences between the slopes. The runoff losses coefficient of MTP increased in the order 36 > 45 > 27 > 18%. The initial event (1 and 18 d) accounted for 67.0 to 83.6% of total runoff P losses. Particulate fraction were dominant carriers for P losses, while with the lower slopes there was higher content of P per unit particulate fraction in runoff. Phosphorus losses were greatly affected by the interaction of sludge-soil-runoff and the modification of soil properties induced by sludge amendment. It is recommended to choose lower slopes (<27%) to reduce risk of P losses. Thus, the risk of application sludge to sloping fields in acid soils should be studied further in the field under a wider diversity of conditions.     

Community development on subtidal temperate reefs: the influences of wave energy and the stochastic recruitment of a dominant kelp

Patterns of community development on subtidal rocky reefs in Marmion Lagoon, southwest Australia, were investigated with a settlement panel experiment. We tested the hypothesis that community development would differ between outer and inner reefs lines, because exposure to swell and wave energy was significantly greater on outer reefs. Following a 14-month deployment, we recorded pronounced variability between panels and sites, but did not detect any effect of wave exposure on the structure of panel assemblages. Subsequent data exploration suggested the importance of the presence of kelp recruits (Ecklonia radiata) in structuring the overall assemblage. Panel assemblages with kelp recruits were significantly different in structure to those without, principally because of greater space coverage of encrusting coralline algae and less coverage of red turfing algae, spirorbids, and bryozoans. Mature E. radiata act as ecosystem engineers in subtidal rocky reefs in southwest Australia. Our results suggested the importance of young, recruiting kelps in determining patterns of early community development on newly available hard substrata.     

Bioavailability,mobility, and toxicity of Cu in soils around the Dexing Cu mine in China

Total concentration is not a reliable indicator of Cu mobility or its bioavailability in soils. The chemical fraction determines the behavior of Cu in soils and hence its toxicity for terrestrial biota. We used the sequential extraction procedure and barley toxicity tests to examine the transfer of Cu in soils around the Dexing Cu mine and to make an ecological risk assessment of Cu in this area. The bioavailable Cu (exchangeable Cu and carbonate-bound Cu) in each soil profile did not change significantly with soil depth, indicating that the Cu itself was vertically mobile and thus potentially a higher risk to the environment. Cu toxicity and bioaccumulation in plants varied with the soil physicochemical characteristics [e.g., pH, clay content, and cation exchange capacity (CEC)] and the level of bioavailable Cu. Multiple regression analysis revealed that bioavailable Cu and CEC could be used to predict Cu toxicity to barley and that other characteristics (such as soil pH, clay content, or total organic carbon) did not predict the risk of toxicity as well as CEC. For the soil to be suitable for agriculture use, treatment of the local soil contamination with guest soil reclamation and phytoremediation with heavy metal-resistant plants would be necessary.     

Photocatalytic degradation of phenol with mesoporous TiO2?xBx

We report a facile approach for preparing mesoporous boron-doped TiO₂ materials by combining the sol?Cgel process with the dehydration of glucose. Specifically a high surface carbon material was formed by dehydration of glucose, then used as template. This material and the TiO₂ dry gel were calcinated to produce porous TiO₂. The as-synthesized boron-doped TiO₂ was in pure anatase crystallite phase with high surface area. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed that boron was incorporated into the anatase TiO₂ lattice to form TiO_2?xB_x. The absorption spectra of TiO_2?xB_x extended into the visible region to 460?nm. The TiO_2?xB_x exhibited much higher photocatalytic activity on phenol degradation than pure TiO₂. It showed that the phenol degradation by-products of TiO_2?xB_x were different from that of pure TiO₂. Mechanism of the photocatalytic degradation of phenol at TiO_2?xB_x was also proposed.     

Nitrous oxide fluxes from the littoral zone of a lake on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) fluxes were measured in six littoral mirco-zones of Lake Huahu on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the peak growing season of years of 2006 and 2007. The weighted mean N(2)O flux rate was 0.08 mg N m(-2) h(-1) (ranged from -0.07 to 0.35 mg N m(-2) h(-1)). The result was relatively high in the scope of N(2)O fluxes from boreal and temperate lakes. Emergent plant zones (Hippuris vulgaris and Glyceria maxima stands) recorded the highest N(2)O flux rate (0.11 ± 0.24 and 0.08 ± 0.17 mg N m(-2) h(-1), respectively). Non-vegetated lakeshore recorded the lowest N(2)O flux (0.03 ± 0.11 mg N m(-2) h(-1)), lower than that from the floating mat zone of Carex muliensis (0.05 ± 0.18 mg N m(-2) h(-1)), the floating-leaved plant zone of Polygonum amphibium (0.07 ± 0.11 mg N m(-2) h(-1)), and the wet meadow (0.07 ± 0.15 mg N m(-2) h(-1)). Standing water depths were important factors to explain such spatial variations in N(2)O fluxes. Significant temporal variations in N(2)O fluxes were also found. Such temporal variation in N(2)O flux in the littoral zone may be dependent on the interaction of water regime and thermal conditions, instead of the latter solely. These results showed the importance of the littoral zone of lake, especially the emergent plant zone, as a hotspot of N(2)O fluxes in such grazing meadows.