Tracking historical lead pollution in the coastal area adjacent to the Yangtze River Estuary using lead isotopic compositions

The rapid economic development in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China in the last three decades has had a significant impact on the environment of the East China Sea (ECS). Lead isotopic compositions of a ²¹⁰Pb dated sediment core collected from the coastal ECS adjacent to the Yangtze River Estuary were analyzed to track the Pb pollution in the region. The baseline Pb concentration in the coastal ECS sediments before the industrialization in China was 32 μg g⁻¹, and the corresponding ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio was 1.195. The high-resolution profiles of Pb flux and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios had close relationships with the economic development and the history of the use of leaded gasoline in China, and they were clearly different from those of most European countries and United States.     

A modeling study of coarse particulate matter pollution in Beijing: regional source contributions and control implications for the 2008 Summer Olympics

In the last 10 yr, Beijing has made a great effort to improve its air quality. However, it is still suffering from regional coarse particulate matter (PM10) pollution that could be a challenge to the promise of clean air during the 2008 Olympics. To provide scientific guidance on regional air pollution control, the Mesoscale Modeling System Generation 5 (MM5) and the Models-3/Community Multiscale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) air quality modeling system was used to investigate the contributions of emission sources outside the Beijing area to pollution levels in Beijing. The contributions to the PM10 concentrations in Beijing were assessed for the following sources: power plants, industry, domestic sources, transportation, agriculture, and biomass open burning. In January, it is estimated that on average 22% of the PM10 concentrations can be attributed to outside sources, of which domestic and industrial sources contributed 37 and 31%, respectively. In August, as much as 40% of the PM10 concentrations came from regional sources, of which approximately 41% came from industry and 31% from power plants. However, the synchronous analysis of the hourly concentrations, regional contributions, and wind vectors indicates that in the heaviest pollution periods the local emission sources play a more important role. The implications are that long-term control strategies should be based on regional-scale collaborations, and that emission abatement of local sources may be more effective in lowering the PM10 concentration levels on the heavy pollution days. Better air quality can be attained during the Olympics by placing effective emission controls on the local sources in Beijing and by controlling emissions from industry and power plants in the surrounding regions.     

水体中高氯酸盐（ClO-4）污染控制技术

系统介绍了现阶段水体中高氯酸盐(ClO4-)污染控制技术;分析了各种技术的优点与局限性;指出离子交换、生物降解与修复是目前处理水体中ClO4-的主要技术,认为探寻有效的组合处理工艺,开发更经济、高效的新处理技术,将是今后控制水体ClO4-污染的研究重点.     

大型高效厌氧悬浮床反应器流态模型研究

结合大型高效厌氧悬浮床反应器(275 m3)的运行,在容积负荷10～40 kg COD/(m3·d)的较宽范围,有计划进行了系列流态实验.通过示踪数学模型模拟研究表明,采用组合流态模型描述生产性规模厌氧反应器的流态是适合的,结果优于级串和扩散模型.结合反应器的运行探讨了负荷、上升流速和气体负荷等因素对短流率、死区比例和膨胀率等悬浮床反应器的特性参数的影响,获得了确定的结论,可以指导厌氧悬浮床反应器的设计、结构优化和设备开发.     

棘洪滩水库近10年水质变化及评价

报道了2004-2006年棘洪滩水库的TN、TP、CODMn和浮游藻类的调查结果,对该水库近10年(1997-2006年)的水质进行了综合评价.数据显示,在年度之间,TN质量浓度冬春季较高,夏秋季逐渐降低,TP质量浓度和CODMn变化不大; 浮游藻类细胞密度则表现出与TN相反的趋势,冬春季较低,夏秋季最高; 浮游藻类种群结构冬春季以硅藻和隐藻为主,夏秋季绿藻和蓝藻占优势,但2006年的夏秋季绿藻取代蓝藻占明显优势.对1997-2006年TN、TP、CODMn和浮游藻类年际变化分析发现,TN质量浓度年均值2003和2004年偏高,其余年份变化不大,TP质量浓度、CODMn年均值变化不明显; 浮游藻类细胞密度在2003-2006年偏高,但2006较2005年有所下降,其余年份年均值较低; 浮游藻类种群结构1997-2002年以硅藻和隐藻为主,2003-2005年以蓝藻为主,2006年绿藻取代蓝藻,与硅藻同占优势.用内梅罗指数法对水库的水质进行评价,结果表明,近10年来该水库的水质均为二级--良好级.用相关加权综合营养状态指数法进行富营养化评价,得出的结论是,近10年来该水库的营养程度均为中营养.尽管2002-2005年有向中-富营养发展的趋势,但因及时采取了控制入库源水质量的措施,2006年的水质又有所改善.总体而言,该水库的水质状况良好,属中营养型,可确保饮用安全.     

曝气-过滤一体化装置脱氮除磷的研究

曝气-过滤一体化装置将生物反应器与过滤机理有机结合,较好地维持了反应器中的高污泥浓度,实现了水力停留时间（HRT）与污泥停留时间的分离。采用连续流间歇曝气工艺对该装置的脱氮除磷效果进行了研究。实验结果表明：在HRT为8h,运行方式为曝气2h、停曝2h的条件下,COD去除率为95．55％,NH3-N未检出,TN为84．90％,TP为93．69％,出水各项指标都达到了GB8978-1996（污水综合排放标准》一级排放标准要求。     

南昌发电厂125MW机组干法烟气脱硫系统设计及运行分析

叙述了AE&E公司干法烟气脱硫工艺及其基本原理,并结合在江西南昌发电厂2 × 125 MW机组上的应用情况,对干法烟气脱硫在设计、运行时需要注意的问题提出了若干建议.     

钻井环境污染过程控制技术综述

钻井环境污染控制是实现清洁钻井的必要手段,文章介绍了钻井过程中的污染物和钻井作业环境污染控制措施,重点综述了钻井废水、废气、固体废物和噪声等环境污染控制技术。通过钻井环境污染过程控制将钻井作业对环境影响和危害的程度降至最低。     

A combined plasma photolysis (CPP) method for removal of CS2 from gas streams at atmospheric pressure

A combined plasma photolysis (CPP) reactor that utilizes a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma and 207 nm UV radiation from discharge-driven KrBr^* excimers was designed and constructed. Gas streams containing CS₂ were treated with stand-alone DBD and CPP at atmospheric pressure. In comparison to DBD, CPP greatly enhanced the removal efficiency at the same applied voltage, waste gas concentration and gas residence time. Thus the applied voltage could be reduced to a certain extent in the plasma processing of industrial wastes. Influences of the KrBr^* radiation, inlet CS₂ concentration and gas residence time on CS₂ removal by CPP were also studied. In addition, the likely reaction mechanisms for the removal of CS₂ by CPP are suggested based on the byproducts analysis. The enhanced removal efficiency and reaction mechanisms implied that the CPP process would probably be suitable for the removal of a large number of gaseous pollutants.     

Assessment of the relative toxicity of Cu2+ by measuring structural changes of supercoiled DNA

A method for the measurement of the relative toxicity of Cu2+ in aquatic environments is proposed. It is based on the quantitative measurement on the shape change of the supercoiled DNA after it is contacted with different levels of Cu2+ for various time intervals. In the absence of any redox reagents, all supercoiled DNA degraded into other forms of DNA after 24h incubation in the presence of 5.13 x 10(-3), 5.08 x 10(-4) and 5.35 x 10(-5)mol/L Cu2+. At a lower Cu2+ concentration (10(-6)mol/L), 44% of supercoiled DNA retained its original supercoiled form after 24 h, and 29% after 48 h. The concentration of RC50, i.e. concentration of pollutants at which 50% of the supercoiled DNA was relaxed compared to control samples, can be obtained from the does-response curves at different exposure time, which may provide a rapid and convenient approach to assess the relative toxicity of environmental pollutants.