Characterization of volatile organic compounds in the urban area of Beijing from 2000 to 2007

Beijing is one of the most polluted cities in the world. In this study, the long-term and continuous measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the urban area of Beijing, specifically at Beijing 325 m Meteorological Tower, were conducted from 2000 to 2007. The annual record of VOC trends exhibited in two different phases was separated in 2003. Records show that VOC concentrations increased from 2000 to 2003 due to the abrupt increase in vehicle number. Contrarily, since 2003, there had been a decrease in VOCs concentrations as the policy on gasoline and air pollution was implemented. Toluene, benzene, and i-pentane are the chemicals that abound in and are directly related to vehicle activity, such as in vehicle exhaust and gasoline evaporation. Furthermore, records indicate that there had been seasonal variation in VOCs levels in that VOCs level in summer is higher than that in winter. As such, temperature is considered to significantly contribute to VOCs in Beijing. Records also show that VOCs level was high in the morning and during rush hours in the evening. In contrast, VOCs level was low during midday due to photochemical destruction with OH radical and dilution effect. In this study, a particular benzene to toluene ratio range (0.4-1.0) was used as the indicator of air propelled by vehicular exhaust. We also applied the correlation coefficients between BTEX and i-pentane to evaluate evaporation influence to ambient BTEX in the Beijing urban area.     

Seasonal variations of soil bacterial communities in Suaeda wetland of Shuangtaizi River estuary, Northeast China

Estuarine wetland is the transitional interface linking terrestrial with marine ecosystems, and wetland microbes are crucial to the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients. The soil samples were collected in four seasons (spring, S1; summer, S2; autumn, S3; and winter, S4) from Suaeda wetland of Shuangtaizi River estuary, Northeast China, and the variations of bacterial community were evaluated by high-throughput sequencing. Soil properties presented a significant seasonal change, including pH, carbon (C) and total nitrogen (TN), and the microbial diversity, richness and structure also differed with seasons. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and Mantel tests implied that soil pH, C and TN were the key factors structuring the microbial community. Gillisia (belonging to Bacteroidetes) and Woeseia (affiliating with Gammaproteobacteria) were the two primary components in the rhizosphere soils, displaying opposite variations with seasons. Based on PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) prediction, the xenobiotics biodegradation related genes exhibited a seasonal decline, while the majority of biomarker genes involved in nitrogen cycle showed an ascending trend. These findings could advance the understanding of rhizosphere microbiota of Suaeda in estuarine wetland.     

两种悬浮填料在ASBBR厌氧氨氧化系统中的性能比较与微生物解析

选取聚乙烯（T1）和聚氨酯（T2）两种悬浮填料投入到两套相同厌氧序批式生物膜反应器（ASBBR）R1和R2中,以城市生活污水为配水基质,考察了两种填料在ASBBR中的性能及菌群结构特征,选出更适宜厌氧氨氧化（ANAMMOX）菌生长的填料.结果表明：R1和R2反应器分别在第93 d和73 d成功启动厌氧氨氧化,并实现稳定运行.稳定运行阶段,R1、R2系统总无机氮（TIN）平均去除率分别达88.34%、87.97%.此外,运行第150 d时,测得单个T1、T2填料的ANAMMOX菌活性分别为5.70和3.70 mg·g^-1·h^-1.同时,扫描电子显微镜（SEM）表征结果证明,球状菌在T1填料上的数量比同倍数下T2填料上多,且杂菌较少.高通量测序结果显示,T1、T2填料上Candidatus anammoxoglobus菌属相对丰度分别为75.29%和38.23%.本研究表明,相比于聚氨酯（T2）填料,聚乙烯（T1）填料更适宜ANAMMOX菌的富集.     

3,5-二硝基苯甲酸降解菌A3的分离及降解特性

 从硝基苯类化合物废水处理系统中分离到一株3,5-二硝基苯甲酸降解菌株A3,经形态特征、生理生化以及16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定为睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌(Comamonas testosteroni).该菌能以200mg/L3,5-二硝基苯甲酸为唯一碳源,12h的降解率可达95%以上,24h可溶性有机碳(DOC)由72.5mg/L降至10.2mg/L,表明3,5-二硝基苯甲酸被降解矿化而不是被转化成其他有机物.当A3以200mg/L3,5-二硝基苯甲酸为唯一碳、氮源时,将底物转化为一种黄色代谢产物,该产物不易进一步降解.A3降解3,5-二硝基苯甲酸的适宜温度为20～30℃,最适pH值为5～9.     

多孔生物质基材用于城镇污水处理厂尾水深度净化的试验研究

为探讨城镇污水处理厂尾水的深度净化技术,以农林秸秆生物质发电后的废料制成的生物质基材为填料,考察填料对城镇污水处理厂尾水的处理效果,并借助Miseq高通量测序技术对移动床生物膜反应器（MBRR）中的悬浮填料,多孔生物质基材中生物膜的微生物群落组成和结构进行了解析。结果表明:多孔生物质基材能够深度净化市政污水处理厂尾水,对MBBR出水NH₄+-N、TN、COD和TP的平均去除率分别提高了0.9%、19.0%、7.1%和10.5%。此外,由于多孔生物质基材的微生物物种丰度和多样性高于MBBR,其微生物群落结构中反硝化相关菌属占优势（24.2%）,并含有一定比例的聚磷菌（4.6%）和自养硝化菌（1.3%）,因此多孔生物质基材更利于脱氮除磷等功能菌群的富集和生长,可对污水的强化处理起关键作用。该结果可为城镇生活污水处理厂尾水深度净化过程中强化脱氮除磷的工程化应用提供依据和参数。     

基于厌氧氨氧化的城镇生活污水深度脱氮工艺研究

随着城镇生活污水排放标准的日益严格,现有城市污水处理厂普遍面临提标改造的挑战,较多污水处理厂采用三级脱氮工艺降低出水中氮素含量.本研究以磁混凝预处理后的生活污水为研究对象,采用厌氧氨氧化工艺作为三级脱氮工艺,构建含有生物膜和絮体污泥的UASB反应器,处理A/O（二级生化单元）出水,研究串联、分流进水以及回流等条件下系统的脱氮及有机物去除性能,并通过微生物群落分析揭示各阶段的菌群结构变化.结果表明,当UASB串联A/O时,系统出水氨氮、TN和COD分别为1.21、10.02和30.00 mg·L^-1.当进水分流比为15%时,提升了UASB的脱氮速率（从0.04升高至0.06 kg·m^-3·d^-1）,UASB分别贡献了系统TN、NH₄⁺-N和COD去除总量的23.4%、20%和20.7%,当系统出水回流到A区时,能进一步降低出水污染物浓度,NH₄⁺-N仅为1 mg·L^-1,TN为12.03 mg·L^-1.微生物群落结构分析结果表明,在A/O反应器内Proteobacteria为主要菌门,UASB内Planctomycetes门实现富集,生物膜中Planctomycetes丰度为1.93%~8.39%,厌氧氨氧化细菌（以Candidatus Kuenenia为代表）在生物膜和污泥絮体中丰度分别为0.77%~2.19%和0.01%~1.49%.本研究结果表明,基于厌氧氨氧化的三级脱氮工艺能够实现生活污水的深度脱氮,在不增加曝气与碳源投加成本的同时高效去除氨氮、总氮,可为城市生活污水处理厂改造升级提供技术支撑.     

中国实施清洁发展机制的潜力分析

建立了一个全球碳排放贸易局部均衡模型(TRCW),用于分析中国实施清洁发展机制(CDM)的市场潜力和市场结构.模型结合相关国际协议的规定,考虑了美国的退出、碳汇项目、热空气规模、交易成本、适应性基金、垄断供给等现实因素.结果表明,在马拉喀什协议下,中国的CDM市场规模大大缩小,仅为61MtC/a,利润收入约1.5亿$/a,其中重工业和电力分别约占41%和20%左右;如果俄罗斯不出售其拥有的热空气,中国的CDM规模将提高67%;在CDM市场上中国几乎不存在垄断力量.     

城市垃圾焚烧主要工艺段捕集灰中二(口恶)英的分布特征

采用同位素稀释法、高分辨气相色谱/质谱检测垃圾焚烧主要工艺段捕集灰中的二(口恶)英.垃圾焚烧炉预热器、过热器和布袋除尘器捕集灰中二(口恶)英(PCDD/Fs)的浓度分别为10.25ng·g-1,1.249ng·g-1和467.0ng·g-1,毒性当量(I-TEQ)为 0.073ng·g-1,0.026ng·g-1和8.11ng·g-1.同时,分析了不同氯原子数取代的二(口恶)英同系物在预热器、过热器、布袋除尘器捕集灰中的变化和对I-TEQ值的贡献.     

五指山不同海拔高度的土壤化学性质特征

根据海南省五指山2003年土壤样品的分析结果,对不同海拔高度下五指山土壤的化学性质特征进行了分析。结果表明,在不同海拔高度下水提pH和盐提pH随采样深度的增加基本呈明显的增大趋势,交换性H 、CEC、全N和有机质随采样深度的增加基本呈明显的下降趋势;而交换性Al3 和交换性酸除在720m、894m处剖面外,其它海拔高度下也基本随采样深度的增加而明显降低。从化学过程较为活跃的表层土壤来看,水提pH、盐提pH、交换性H、交换性Al3 和交换性酸随海拔高度的增加并没有明显的同时增大或减小的分布规律,而CEC、全N和有机质有明显的增加趋势。     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选和优化以及在水处理中的应用

从土壤中筛到1株絮凝剂产生菌BY-28,该菌产生的絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝活性较高且稳定,鉴定为多粘类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus polymyxa BY-28.菌BY-28产絮凝剂的最佳培养基和培养条件为:葡萄糖2％,KH2PO40.4％,黄豆饼粉0.1％,MgSO4·7H2O 0.05％,CaCl2 0.05％,pH 7.0,30℃,180 r/min摇床培养2-3 d,产生具有高絮凝活性的絮凝剂.该絮凝剂对水中无机悬浮物和有机染料具有较高的去除率,尤其是能够有效地去除肌苷发酵液和肌苷生产废水中的菌体及悬浮物.图3表4参16