聚丙烯环生物滴滤塔去除实际市政污水厂硫化氢性能及微生物群落分析

在非稳态条件下,采用AAO剩余污泥为种泥、聚丙烯环为填料启动生物滴滤塔,处理实际市政污水厂细格栅H2S恶臭气体.研究了生物滴滤塔的启动、稳定阶段的运行模式,在空床停留时间为14 s,进气浓度2. 02～319. 19 mg·m-3,环境温度为7. 8～32. 5℃条件下,平均出气浓度为13. 08 mg·m-3,平均去除率达到91. 8%,最高去除负荷达到78. 37 g·(m3·h)-1.在247d运行中,监测到生物滴滤塔压降在长期运行中维持稳定在96 Pa·m-1.高通量测序表明,生物滴滤塔内的微生物群落发生了改变,Shannon指数由4. 99降低至3. 75,但Pseudomonas和Thiobacillus等功能菌的存在解释了生物滴滤塔较好的去除性能.结果表明,在非稳态条件下,以AAO剩余污泥为种泥的生物滴滤塔可实现H2S的高效去除;聚丙烯环作为填料可以在长期运行中维持稳定的压降;微生物群落在长期高浓度的H2S环境中,多样性降低,但降解性能可以得到提高.     

川西甘孜藏族自治州1961—2015年日照时数变化特征分析

甘孜藏族自治州(简称甘孜州)位于青藏高原东南缘,是一个气候敏感区和环境脆弱区.利用多年气象数据探讨该区气候变化趋势对研究区环境保护、灾害防治和发展规划有重要意义.本文基于1961—?2015年甘孜州11个气象站点的日照时数、气温、降水、相对湿度和风速数据,通过一元线性回归、5 a滑动平均、累计距平、Mann-Kendall(M-K)突变检验和样条函数插值分析方法,研究该地区年际、季度的日照时数时空变化特征以及与其他气候因子之间的关系.研究结果表明:(1)平均日照时数在年际和季度尺度上呈减少趋势,减少速率分别为25 h·(10a)?1(年际)、6.4 h·(10a)?1(春季)、6.8 h·(10a)?1(夏季)、6.9 h·(10a)?1(秋季)、6.3 h·(10a)?1(冬季).(2)空间分布上,德格的西部地区日照时数减少最快,而乡城县等极少数地区出现日照时数增加的趋势.(3)年际日照时数在1989年发生突变,在季节尺度上春季、夏季、冬季发生突变的年份分别为1989年、1991年和1994年,秋季突变不明显.(4)日照时数与气温、降水量、相对湿度均呈负相关关系,相关系数分别为??0.2、??0.6、??0.5;日照时数与风速呈显著正相关关系,相关系数为0.6.本研究可为甘孜州地区1961—?2015年的气候变化提供数据支持.     

Fish forewarning of comprehensive toxicity in water environment based on Bayesian sequential method

Environmental impact of pollutants can be analyzed effectively by acquiring fish behavioral signals in water with biological behavior sensors. However, a variety of factors, such as the complexity of biological organisms themselves, the device error and the environmental noise, may compromise the accuracy and timeliness of model predictions. The current methods lack prior knowledge about the fish behavioral signals corresponding to characteristic pollutants, and in the event of a pollutant invasion, the fish behavioral signals are poorly discriminated. Therefore, we propose a novel method based on Bayesian sequential, which utilizes multi-channel prior knowledge to calculate the outlier sequence based on wavelet feature followed by calculating the anomaly probability of observed values. Furthermore, the relationship between the anomaly probability and toxicity is analyzed in order to achieve forewarning effectively. At last, our algorithm for fish toxicity detection is verified by integrating the data on laboratory acceptance of characteristic pollutants. The results show that only one false positive occurred in the six experiments, the present algorithm is effective in suppressing false positives and negatives, which increases the reliability of toxicity detections, and thereby has certain applicability and universality in engineering applications.     

Copper stimulates the incidence of antibiotic resistance, metal resistance and potential pathogens in the gut of black soldier fly larvae

The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been successfully applied to treat various organic wastes. However, the impacts of heavy metals on antibiotic resistance in the BSFL guts are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of copper (exposure concentrations of 0, 100 and 800 mg/kg) on the antibiotic and metal resistance profiles in BSFL guts. A total of 83 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), 18 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and 6 metal resistance genes (MRGs) were observed in larval gut samples. Exposure to Cu remarkably reduced the diversity of ARGs and MGEs, but significantly enhanced the abundances of gut-associated ARGs and MRGs. The levels of MRGs copA, czcA and pbrT were dramatically strengthened after Cu exposure as compared with CK (increased by 2.8–13.5 times). Genera Enterococcus acted as the most predominant potential host of multiple ARG, MGE and MRG subtypes. Meanwhile, high exposure to Cu aggravated the enrichment of potential pathogens in BSFL guts, especially for Escherichia, Enterococcus and Salmonella species. The mantel test and procrustes analysis revealed that the gut microbial communities could be a key determinant for antibiotic and metal resistance. However, no significant positive links were observed between MGEs and ARGs or MRGs, possibly suggesting that MGEs did not play a crucial role in shaping the ARGs or MRGs in BSFL guts under the stress of Cu. These findings extend our understanding on the impact of heavy metals on the gut-associated antibiotic and metal resistome of BSFL.     

Rapid field testing of mercury pollution by designed fluorescent biosensor and its cells-alginate hydrogel-based paper assay

With increasing industrial activities, mercury has been largely discharged into environment and caused serious environmental problems. The growing level of mercury pollution has become a huge threat to human health due to its significant biotoxicity. Therefore, the simple and fast means for on-site monitoring discharged mercury pollution are highly necessary to protect human beings from its pernicious effects in time. Herein, a “turn off” fluorescent biosensor (mCherry L199C) for sensing Hg²⁺ was successfully designed based on direct modification of the chromophore environment of fluorescent protein mCherry. For rapid screening and characterization, the designed variant of mCherry (mCherry L199C) was directly expressed on outer-membrane of  Escherichia coli cells by cell surface display technique. The fluorescent biosensor was characterized to have favorable response to Hg²⁺ at micromole level among other metal ions and over a broad pH range. Further, the cells of the fluorescent biosensor were encapsulated in alginate hydrogel to develop the cells-alginate hydrogel-based paper. The cells-alginate hydrogel-based paper could detect mercury pollution in 5 min with simple operation process and inexpensive equipment, and it could keep fluorescence and activity stable at 4?°C for 24 hr, which would be a high-throughput screening tool in preliminarily reporting the presence of mercury pollution in natural setting.     

石化企业气体泄漏红外成像检测技术研究进展

介绍了气体泄漏红外成像检测技术的工作原理和分类,综述了国内外相关单位的研究进展,重点分析了国外公司对被动式红外成像检测技术的研究情况,并对技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

偏低气温下的O3污染特征及其主要气象成因

针对2013~2019年上海地区气温相对偏低（25℃及以下）的一类O₃污染事件,从时间分布特征、天气系统类型、气象成因等方面进行了深入分析.结果表明：上海近7a偏低气温下的O₃污染按小时标准和日标准分别出现45h和19d,占各自O₃污染总次数的5.0%和7.3%,在春季则上升至20.6%和20.0%,是上海春季主要O₃污染现象之一.当气压介于1010.1~1017.1hPa、风速介于2.1~3.2m/s、湿度介于40.0%~54.0%、辐射介于0.5~2.7MJ/m²,较易出现偏低气温下的O₃污染;与高温下的O₃污染相比,出现偏低气温下的O₃污染时,气压、PM_2.5和NO₂浓度分别偏高了10.0hPa、26.0μg/m³和24.9μg/m³,辐射偏低了0.5MJ/m².造成偏低气温下的O₃污染天气类型可以分为弱高压前部、弱高压控制和海上高压后部3种.3个典型污染个例分析显示,上游输送、本地静稳辐合和垂直逆温条件分别是这3种类型的主要气象成因.     

扑草净水环境质量基准及风险评估

选择田间使用量大的扑草净为研究对象,分析了扑草净在南四湖流域地表水中的空间分布,推导了扑草净的水质基准,通过定性与定量风险评估方法评估了扑草净的生态风险.结果表明,南四湖流域28个地表水采样点中扑草净浓度为0~667.7ng/L,平均值为69.2ng/L.搜集筛选了15种水生生物慢性毒性数据,利用物种敏感度分布法,推导出扑草净的水质基准为82.4ng/L.使用商值法评估南四湖流域生态风险,结果表明,扑草净生态风险最高区域位于NS09,主要来源是地表径流与雨水冲刷.采用联合概率曲线法进一步分析生态风险,发现南四湖水体中扑草净对1%~5%的水生生物产生危害的概率为11.2%~6.4%.总体来看,南四湖流域扑草净的生态环境风险处于较低水平.     

Insights into pH-dependent transformation of gibberellic acid in aqueous solution: Transformation pathway, mechanism and toxicity estimation

Gibberellic acid (GA₃) is widely used in agriculture and maybe transfer with groundwater flow, which is an endocrine disruptor, but few studies have focused on the transformation pathway and toxicity assessment of GA₃ and its products. Here, GA₃ and its transformation products in aqueous solution were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry hybrid ion trap time-of-flight (LCMS?IT?TOF) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. The results showed that the half-life of GA₃ transformation in ultrapure water was 16.1–24.6 days at pH=2.0–8.0, with the lowest half-life occurring at pH=8.0 and highest half-life occurring at pH=3.3. Isomerized gibberellic acid (Iso-GA₃) and gibberellenic acid (GEA) were the main transformation products with a little hydroxy gibberellic acid (OH-GA₃). In North China groundwater, the mass balance of GA₃ and its products was 76.2%, including Iso-GA₃ (58%), GEA (7.9%), GA₃ (7.3%) and OH-GA₃ (3%) after reaching transformation equilibrium. Using Gaussian 09 for chemical computation, it was found that the transformation mechanism of GA₃ was dependent upon the bond energy and the stereochemical feature of its molecular structure. GA₃ always isomerized from the γ-lactone ring due to the lowest bond energy between the oxygen terminus of the γ-lactone ring and A ring. While GA₃ and its transformation products all had developmental toxicity, the predicated LC₅₀ (96 hr) and LD₅₀ of the main products of GA₃ were much lower than those of GA₃, indicating GA₃ would be transformed into higher toxicity derivatives in water environments, posing a significant health risk to humans and the environment.     

中国反食物浪费监测与评估体系建设

《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》的颁布与实施,标志着中国的食物浪费从理论研究转向实践应用。为了推动食物浪费的减量,亟需构建覆盖全国的、系统性的监测和评估体系并实现食物浪费的定量监测与评估。本文面向《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》实施过程政府及社会中各界的主要关切,通过系统梳理国内外食物浪费的相关研究,辨析了食物浪费的定义及主要演变,论述了全球食物浪费监测与评估情况。在此基础上,本文重点分析了中国食物浪费监测与评估进展,提出了通过餐厨垃圾,将食物浪费从传统概念向广义概念延伸的理念,并提出了适合中国国情的反食品浪费监测与评估指标。本文旨在为中国相关政府部门开展食物浪费的监测和评估提供科学参考,从而为全球可持续发展目标12.3的实现提供借鉴。