苏北盆地里下河地区30~15 cal ka BP期间地球化学元素变化特征及古气候意义

应用因子分析法对苏北盆地里下河地区SG剖面中的地化元素和氧化物进行分析,提取出相关古气候信息,重建了苏北盆地里下河地区30~15cal ka BP期间的古气候环境演化序列:30.3~26.0cal ka BP为相对暖湿期;26.0~17.8cal ka BP较为显著的冷干期;17.8~15.0cal ka BP以升温为主,冷暖波动剧烈,整体相对暖湿期;另外,在这些大的气候演变背景条件下,也存在着多次明显的气候波动事件。这一研究结果不仅与国内大量的研究资料相一致,而且与深海氧同位素和北半球太阳辐射等曲线也有着很好的对应,表明苏北地区的气候变化具有全球性特征。     

长白山背景站大气VOCs浓度变化特征及来源分析

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是臭氧和二次有机气溶胶的重要前体物.为研究中国东北背景地区大气中VOCs浓度和变化特征,应用苏码罐采样技术、三步冷冻浓缩和GC/MS联用技术测定了长白山大气本底站中的VOCs组成、浓度及季节变化,并利用PCA(principal component analysis)受体模型初步解析了白山大气中VOCs来源.结果表明,长白山地区TVOCs年平均浓度(体积分数)为10.7×10~(-9)±6.2×10~(-9),其中卤代烃所占比例最高,占VOCs总浓度的37%,其次是烷烃33%、芳香烃15%、烯烃15%.长白山地区TVOCs呈现明显的季节变化,变化特征为春季﹥秋季﹥夏季﹥冬季,春季大气中的TVOCs浓度显著(P﹤0.05)高于其他季节.利用主成分分析VOCs物种,提取出5个因子,分别归纳为交通源、液化石油气(LPG)、生物源、燃烧源和区域工业输送.结合HYSPLIT-4.0后向轨迹模型,分析周边区域传输对VOCs物种浓度的影响,发现来自西南向气团传输是长白山VOCs物种浓度增加的主要原因.     

基于GIS和RUSLE模型的山地环境水土流失空间特征定量分析——以四川泸定县为例

本文以地处川西高原生态环境脆弱区的泸定县为研究区域,利用GIS技术和水土流失修正方程(RUSLE)相结合的方法定量计算研究区的土壤侵蚀量,根据水土流失强度分级标准,生成水土流失强度分布图。运用GIS空间分析和数理统计方法,分析水土流失在地理空间上的分布特征,揭示区内水土流失地理空间分异规律。研究结果表明:(1)坡度是引起水土流失的重要因子,水土流失主要分布在坡度>15°的区域,且易于发生极强度和剧烈水土流失。(2)水土流失垂直分带特征明显,海拔1000~1700 m的河谷地区和海拔大于3500 m的山地易于发生水土流失,海拔1700~3500 m地区由于林地分布广泛,水土流失分布面积小。(3)水土流失主要发生在人类负向干扰活动比较强烈的旱地、园地、灌木林地、其他林地和裸地,其面积达到区内水土流失总面积的92.73%。     

城镇污水处理厂提标改扩建工程设计

以龙王嘴污水处理厂提标改扩建工程为例,在分析该污水处理厂提标改扩建工程特点和要求的基础上,提出了该工程提标改扩建方案,并进行了工程设计。该工程经扩建改造后,出水水质达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)中的一级A标准,同时实现了污泥的资源化利用,并有效改善了污水处理厂周边的环境,对城镇污水处理厂类似工程的升级改造具有一定的参考意义。     

油品脱酸工艺研究进展

综述了国内外油品脱酸技术发展历程和研究现状,分析了各种技术工艺的优点和不足,随着环保、节能减排思想的深入,新的绿色脱酸分离技术将是以后发展的主要趋势。     

造纸法再造烟叶生产废弃物的处理与利用

阐述了造纸法再造烟叶的发展情况和清洁化生产方面现存的问题,影响和制约了再造烟叶产业的可持续性发展,介绍了废水处理和固体废弃物回收利用2个方面的研究现状,生产企业有必要向废弃物主动处理和资源化回收利用的趋势转变。展望了造纸法再造烟叶生产废弃物处理与利用的研究方向。     

盐城滨海湿地春季温室气体通量及影响因素

通过在盐城滨海湿地进行植被调查、气体以及表层沉积物样品的采集与分析,探讨温室气体通量与植被状况、表层沉积物理化性质之间的关系。结果表明:不同植被覆盖下的滨海湿地,温室气体通量表现各异,其中CO2在滨海湿地5月份表现为碳源,且有植被覆盖的互花米草滩和芦苇滩的CO2排放通量明显大于无植被覆盖的光滩,盐蒿滩植被的盖度和密度较低,故排放也较低,光滩、互花米草滩、盐蒿滩以及芦苇滩CO2通量分别为26.99、865.2、100.87和1 942.03 mg(/m2.h);CH4在光滩,互花米草滩,盐蒿滩上则为弱汇,在芦苇滩为弱源,通量值分别为-0.13、-0.14、-0.02和0.55 mg(/m2.h);光滩和芦苇滩是N2O吸收汇,为-12.29,-56.83μg(/m2.h),互花米草滩和盐蒿滩为源,为18.56,25.64μg(/m2.h)。表层沉积物理化性质存在显著的空间差异:其中粒径与容重均是光滩最大,互花米草滩最小,盐蒿滩、芦苇滩居中;TN、TOC、微生物生物量C、微生物生物量N均是光滩最小,互花米草滩最大,盐蒿和芦苇居中;C/N为互花米草滩和芦苇滩较大,而光滩和盐蒿滩则较小。全盐分布表现为互花米草滩>盐蒿滩>光滩>芦苇滩。pH表现为:芦苇>光滩>盐蒿滩>互花米草滩。通过相关分析,回归分析以及主成分分析,得出CO2和CH4通量与箱温、10²0 cm沉积物温度以及pH呈显著相关,而N2O则主要与pH、全盐、容重、微生物生物量N的相关性较大。     

海洋沉积物中硫酸盐还原菌和硫氧化菌群落分析方法的比较

硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing prokaryotes,SRP)和硫氧化菌(sulfur-oxidizing prokaryotes,SOP)在硫的生物地球化学循环中发挥着极为重要的作用.本文以SRP作为高丰富度高多样性菌群代表,针对于SRP所共有的异化型亚硫酸盐还原酶(dissimilatory sulphite reductase,DSR)中的β亚基基因(dsr B),通过克隆文库技术、454高通量测序技术和Illumina高通量测序技术对其群落特征进行比较分析.结果表明,Illumina高通量测序技术优于454高通量测序技术和克隆文库技术,特别在低丰度物种的检测方面,Illumina高通量测序技术具有明显优势.以SOP soxB基因(~750 bp)作为较长基因片段的代表,分别采用454高通量测序技术和Illumina单端高通量测序技术对SOP群落组成和多样性信息进行比较分析,结果表明,454高通量测序技术在读长上的优势并未体现出来,而Illumina单端高通量测序技术优于454高通量测序技术.     

City-specific vehicle emission control strategies to achieve stringent emission reduction targets in China's Yangtze River Delta region

The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region is one of the most prosperous and densely populated regions in China and is facing tremendous pressure to mitigate vehicle emissions and improve air quality. Our assessment has revealed that mitigating vehicle emissions of NOx would be more difficult than reducing the emissions of other major vehicular pollutants (e.g., CO, HC and PM_2.5) in the YRD region. Even in Shanghai, where the emission control implemented are more stringent than in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, we observed little to no reduction in NOx emissions from 2000 to 2010. Emission–reduction targets for HC, NOx and PM_2.5 are determined using a response surface modeling tool for better air quality. We design city-specific emission control strategies for three vehicle-populated cities in the YRD region: Shanghai and Nanjing and Wuxi in Jiangsu. Our results indicate that even if stringent emission control consisting of the Euro 6/VI standards, the limitation of vehicle population and usage, and the scrappage of older vehicles is applied, Nanjing and Wuxi will not be able to meet the NOx emissions target by 2020. Therefore, additional control measures are proposed for Nanjing and Wuxi to further mitigate NOx emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles.     

Pesticide exposures and respiratory health in general populations

Human exposures to pesticides can occur in the workplace, in the household and through the ambient environment. While several articles have reviewed the impact of pesticide exposures on human respiratory health in occupational settings, to the best of our knowledge, this article is the first one to review published studies on the association between pesticide exposures and human respiratory health in the general populations. In this article, we critically reviewed evidences up to date studying the associations between non-occupational pesticide exposures and respiratory health in general populations. This article also highlighted questions arising from these studies, including our recent analyses using the data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS), for future research. We found few studies have addressed the impact of environmental pesticide exposures on respiratory health, especially on lung function, in general populations. In the studies using the data from CHMS Cycle 1, exposures to OP insecticides, pyrethroid insecticides, and the organochlorine pesticide DDT were associated with impaired lung function in the Canadian general population, but no significant associations were observed for the herbicide 2,4-D. Future research should focus on the potential age-specific and pesticide-specific effect on respiratory health in the general population, and repeated longitudinal study design is critical for assessing the temporal variations in pesticide exposures. Research findings from current studies of non-occupational pesticide exposures and their health impact in general population will help to improve the role of regulatory policies in mitigating pesticide-related public health problems, and thereafter providing greater benefit to the general population.