基于样品工作状态的爆炸性大气试验方法研究

目的验证并改进在爆炸性大气环境工作状态下的样品防爆能力。方法通过对一种特种环境试验"爆炸性大气试验"的应用背景介绍,划分与归纳处于工作状态中的受试样品在该试验过程中的工作特征,以GJB 150.13A《军用装备实验室环境试验方法第13部分:爆炸性大气》规定的程序I"在爆炸性大气中工作"作为试验标准,对其试验程序进行研究说明。结果通过实际案例对爆炸性大气试验过程进行了描述。结论爆炸性大气试验属于较少见的特种试验,缺乏普遍性试验程序,通过对该试验方法的研究可对我国环境工程领域特种试验实施方法提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

苏南城市空气质量污染特征及趋势分析研究

利用2013年-2015年苏南5市空气自动站监测数据,分析了该地区空气质量的污染特征和变化趋势.研究发现:2013年-2015年,苏南5市空气优良率为56.9%～68.9%,PM2.5是主要污染物;沿长江向东,空气污染逐步偏向光化学污染类型.从时间上可知,呈现冬季以PM2.5污染为主、春夏季以O3污染为主的特征;PM2.5等4项污染物24小时呈现双峰.从趋势上可知,PM2.5等5种污染物浓度呈下降趋势,O3污染有所加重.同时,各市也表现了不同的情况,管理上需要区别对待.     

Effects of synthesis methods on catalytic activities of CoOx–TiO2 for low-temperature NH3-SCR of NO

A series of cobalt doped TiO_2(Co-TiO_2) and Co Oxloaded TiO_2(Co/TiO_2) catalysts prepared by sol–gel and impregnation methods respectively were investigated on selective catalytic reduction with NH_3(NH_3-SCR) of NO. It was found that Co-TiO_2 catalyst showed more preferable catalytic activity at low temperature range. From characterization results of XRD,TEM, Raman and FT-IR, Co species were proved to be doped into TiO_2 lattice by replaced Ti atoms. After being characterized and analyzed by NH_3-TPD, PL, XPS, EPR and DRIFTS, it was found that the better NH_3-SCR activities of Co-TiO_2 catalysts, compared with Co/TiO_2 catalyst, were ascribed to the formation of more oxygen vacancies which further promoted the production of more superoxide ions(O-2). The superoxide ions were crucial for the formation of low temperature SCR reaction intermediates(NO-3) by reacting with adsorbed NO molecule. Therefore, these aspects were responsible for the higher low temperature NH_3-SCR activity of Co-TiO_2 catalysts.     

管-土相互作用模型试验的尺寸效应及可靠性分析

为了分析北京地区粉质黏土场地中管-土相互作用土弹簧模型参数,进行了一系列管土相互作用试验。由于人力、经费、场地等原因,模型箱尺寸无法取到无限大,模型箱的尺寸效应有可能使试验数据出现一定偏差。为了检验已开展模型试验结果的可靠性,基于ABAQUS有限元软件进行了数值仿真,探讨了土体的破坏模式,研究了管-土相互作用试验的尺寸效应,并得到如下结论:土体破坏模式可分为深埋和浅埋两种破坏模式;模型箱下方和后方边界对试验结果影响较小,当深径比大于6时,前方边界开始对试验结果产生影响。最后,分析和修正了试验结果并对类似试验中的模型箱尺寸选取给出了建议。     

Bioretention for removal of nitrogen: processes,operational conditions,and strategies for improvement

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - As one of the low-impact development measures, bioretention plays an important role in reducing the runoff peak flow and minimizing runoff pollutants,...     

Particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in typical urban of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: Characterization,sources and risk assessment

• The sampling was conducted in city on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau for one year. • The groups of PAHs revealed their different environmental fates and migration paths. • Seasonal biomass burning could affect the concentration by long-distance transport. • Industrial sources and traffic emissions were the main contributor of PAHs. • Living in industrial areas or winter had higher health risk by exposure PAHs in PM_2.5. Monthly particle-phase ambient samples collected at six sampling locations in Yuxi, a high-altitude city on the edge of Southeast Asia, were measured for particle-associated PAHs. As trace substances, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are susceptible to the influences of meteorological conditions, emissions, and gas-particulate partitioning and it is challenging job to precise quantify the source and define the transmission path. The daily concentrations of total PM_2.5-bound PAHs ranged from 0.65 to 80.76 ng/m³, with an annual mean of 11.94 ng/m³. Here, we found that the concentration of PM_2.5-bound PAHs in winter was significantly higher than that in summer, which was mainly due to source and meteorology influence. The increase of fossil combustion and biomass burning in cold season became the main contributors of PAHs, while precipitation and low temperature exacerbated this difference. According to the concentration variation trend of PM_2.5-bound PAHs and their relationship with meteorological conditions, a new grouping of PAHs is applied, which suggested that PAHs have different environmental fates and migration paths. A combination of source analysis and trajectory model supported local sources from combustion of fossil fuel and vehicle exhaust contributed to the major portion on PAHs in particle, but on the Indochina Peninsula the large number of pollutants emitted by biomass burning during the fire season would affect the composition of PAHs through long-range transporting. Risk assessment in spatial and temporal variability suggested that citizens living in industrial areas were higher health risk caused by exposure the PM_2.5-bound PAHs than that in other regions, and the risk in winter was three times than in summer.     

Co-pyrolysis of sludge and kaolin/zeolite in a rotary kiln: Analysis of stabilizing heavy metals

• Adding kaolin/zeolite promotes the formation of stable heavy metals. • The potential ecological risk index of co-pyrolysis biochar is extremely low. • Increasing the pyrolysis temperature reduces the leaching toxicity of heavy metals. • The toxicity of biochar reduces with the increasing content of stable heavy metals. Pyrolysis is a promising technique used for treating of sewage sludge. However, the application of pyrolysis products is limited due to the presence of heavy metals. In this study, sewage sludge mixed with kaolin/zeolite was pyrolyzed in a rotary kiln, aiming to improve the immobilization of heavy metals in pyrolytic carbon. The total concentrations, speciation distributions, leaching toxicities, and potential ecological risk indices of heavy metals in pyrolysis biochar were explored to examine the effects of kaolin/zeolite and pyrolytic temperature on immobilizing heavy metals. Further, mineral composition and surface morphology of biochar were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy to reveal the potential mechanism of immobilizing heavy metals. Increasing pyrolysis temperature facilitated the stabilization of heavy metals in pyrolysis biochar. The proportions of stable heavy metals in biochar obtained at 650℃ were 54.50% (Cu), 29.73% (Zn), 79.29% (Cd), 68.17% (Pb) and 86.70% (Cr). Compared to sewage sludge, the potential contamination risk index of pyrolysis biochar obtained at 650℃ was reduced to 17.01, indicating a low ecological risk. The addition of 7% kaolin/zeolite further reduced the risk index of co-pyrolysis biochar prepared at 650℃ to 10.86/15.28. The characterization of biochar revealed that increase in the pyrolysis temperature and incorporation of additives are conducive to the formation of stable heavy metal-inorganics. This study demonstrates that the formation of stable mineral compounds containing heavy metals is the key to stabilizing heavy metals in pyrolysis biochar.     

The adsorption affinity of N-doped biochar plays a crucial role in peroxydisulfate activation and bisphenol A oxidative degradation

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Metal-free biochar to activate persulfate and degrade organic contaminants has attracted great attention in advanced oxidation processes, while the...     

不同种类蔬菜重金属富集特征及健康风险

蔬菜中重金属累积引发的健康风险逐渐被重视.通过文献查阅与实地样品采集,搭建了我国蔬菜-土壤系统重金属元素含量数据库,系统地分析了我国蔬菜可食部位中7项重金属含量特征和不同种类蔬菜对重金属的生物累积能力.此外,采用蒙特卡罗模拟评估了通过摄入4种类型蔬菜导致的非致癌健康风险.蔬菜可食部位ω(Cd)、ω(As)、ω(Pb)、ω(Cr)、ω(Hg)、ω(Cu)和ω(Zn)的平均值分别为0.093、 0.024、 0.137、 0.118、 0.007、 0.622和3.272 mg·kg^-1,其中5种有害元素的超标率为：Pb(18.5%)>Cd(12.9%)>Hg(11.5%)>Cr(4.03%)>As(0.21%).叶菜类蔬菜表现出较高的Cd富集能力,根茎类蔬菜表现出较高的Pb富集能力,其富集系数的平均值分别为0.264和0.262,而豆类蔬菜和茄果类蔬菜表现出较低的重金属富集能力.健康风险结果表明,蔬菜摄入的单项元素非致癌风险在可接受范围,其中儿童的健康风险高于成人.单项元素非致癌风险HQ平均值表现为：Pb>Hg>Cd>As&...     

电石法聚氯乙烯行业履约的成本效益分析

构建汞物质平衡模型以识别高汞触媒及低汞触媒电石法聚氯乙烯(CCPVC)企业中汞的产生、转化和排放过程.进一步针对典型企业开展成本效益分析,比较通过低汞触媒替代来履行《关于汞的水俣公约》要求的各种方案.结果表明,案例企业将在履约的情况下,使废气和废水汞排放量分别减少25%和85.7%~98.9%,净效益增加50.7%~55.4%.案例企业最有利的选择将是在厂内回收废触媒并改进汞减排设施,但含汞固体废物的环境风险不可忽视.原因是《关于汞的水俣公约》侧重于CCPVC行业的汞输入而非汞排放.此外,目前的汞环境税率低于最优税率,无法为CCPVC企业提供足够的激励以控制汞排放.因此,为了提高《关于汞的水俣公约》的政策效力,有必要推动我国CCPVC行业汞物质平衡的构建,加强对含汞固体废物堆存的监管力度,提高汞排放的环境税率,并将所含的环境风险物质量作为固体废物的计税依据.