流光放电等离子体污水消毒灭菌

采用流光放电等离子体技术,研究放电电压、大肠杆菌初始浓度、反应器类型对大肠杆菌灭杀的影响,并将流光放电等离子体与臭氧灭菌进行效果对比。结果表明:当在水槽装置中,处理温度为室温,大肠杆菌初始浓度为480 000个/L,放电时间为45 min,水样体积V=50 L,气量Q=8 m3/h,放电电压为30 k V,电流I=11 m A时大肠杆菌的去除率达到99%。流光放电等离子体与臭氧去除污水中大肠杆菌的能力都较强,与臭氧灭菌相,比流光放电等离子体杀菌经济成本低廉许多。     

东北三省畜禽养殖环境风险时空特征

以东北三省土壤、水体的环境保护为出发点,基于研究区192个县畜禽养殖量数据,采用畜禽单元和养分排泄系数法,通过AD(畜禽养殖密度),粪便TN、TP耕地负荷来评估三期(2000年、2005年和2010年)不同尺度(省、县和流域)下畜禽养殖的潜在环境风险,并对其环境风险进行综合评价. 结果表明:①三期东北三省畜禽养殖的环境风险在2005年最为显著,基中AD达到Ⅲ级(AD>2.00 AU/hm2)的县市高达54个,畜禽粪便TN、TP耕地负荷达到Ⅳ级水平的县市共有50个,2010年有所缓解,而2000年最低;②三省中辽宁省畜禽养殖的环境风险最高(三期该省AD均大于2.00 AU/hm2,畜禽粪便TN、TP耕地负荷均分别在115和15 kg/hm2以上),吉林省次之,黑龙江省较低;③分县畜禽养殖密度及粪便TN、TP耕地负荷较高的区域主要集中在松花江水系南部以及辽河流域的大部分地区,具体行政区域为吉林省中南部和辽宁省大部,而黑龙江省有继续发展的空间.      

Effects of precipitation and temperature on rain-use efficiency of China's forests北大核心CSCD

Water plays an important role in the growth of plants. It is important to investigate the responses of different ecosystems to precipitation patterns, especially in terms of global changes involving extreme precipitation or drought. However, little is known about the rain-use efficiency (RUE) in China's forests and the correlation of the RUE with the precipitation and other environmental factors. Furthermore, it is unclear whether differences in the forest types or functional groups result in divergent RUE patterns. To investigate the RUE in China's forests, we analyzed the data from 1 266 sampling plots from 17 forest types. The results indicated that: (1) the mean RUE of China's forests is 1.21 g m-2 mm-1. The RUE and precipitation are negatively correlated in all the 17 forest types; (2) the average RUE of broadleaved forests (mainly angiosperms) is higher than that of coniferous forests (mainly gymnosperms), and the angiosperms are more adaptable to changes in the precipitation than gymnosperms; (3) the average RUE of deciduous forests is higher than that of the evergreen forests. The RUE of deciduous forests declines with increasing precipitation to a threshold value. However, the RUE of evergreen forests are unaffected by changes in the precipitation; and (4) the latitude and mean annual temperature are the major factors constraining the RUE under comprehensive environmental factors. We conclude that the mean RUE declines with increasing precipitation to a threshold value, and that the temperature is a crucial factor for RUE. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

土石坝溃决机理模型试验研究进展

大坝溃决将给人类社会带来巨大的灾难,因此国内外都很关注溃坝问题的研究。由于多数大坝均为土石坝,且土石坝是逐渐溃决的过程,而混凝土坝一般表现为瞬时溃决,因此土石坝溃决机理与溃决过程的研究对于溃坝过程数学模型的建立和致灾后果的评价具有重要的指导意义。自20世纪90年代以来,国内外学者围绕土石坝溃决机理开展了广泛深入的模型试验研究,取得了一系列重要的研究成果。分别从土石坝溃决原因、土石坝溃决机理研究进展、土石坝漫顶溃决模型试验、土石坝管涌溃决模型试验等方面介绍国内外的研究进展。重点针对土石坝坝型(均质坝、黏性心墙坝、面板堆石坝)和主要破坏模式(漫顶溃坝与管涌溃坝),介绍国内外开展的不同尺度的溃坝模型试验,分析研究了土石坝的溃决机理,并对今后的研究工作重点提出了相关建议。     

Using loose nanofiltration membrane for lake water treatment: A pilot study

• A pilot study was conducted for drinking water treatment using loose NF membranes. • The membranes had very high rejection of NOM and medium rejection of Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺. • Organic fouling was dominant and contribution of inorganic fouling was substantial. • Both organic and inorganic fouling had spatial non-uniformity on membrane surface. • Applying EDTA at basic conditions was effective in removing membrane fouling. Nanofiltration (NF) using loose membranes has a high application potential for advanced treatment of drinking water by selectively removing contaminants from the water, while membrane fouling remains one of the biggest problems of the process. This paper reported a seven-month pilot study of using a loose NF membrane to treat a sand filtration effluent which had a relatively high turbidity (~0.4 NTU) and high concentrations of organic matter (up to 5 mg/L as TOC), hardness and sulfate. Results showed that the membrane demonstrated a high rejection of TOC (by>90%) and a moderately high rejection of two pesticides (54%–82%) while a moderate rejection of both calcium and magnesium (~45%) and a low rejection of total dissolved solids (~27%). The membrane elements suffered from severe membrane fouling, with the membrane permeance decreased by 70% after 85 days operation. The membrane fouling was dominated by organic fouling, while biological fouling was moderate. Inorganic fouling was mainly caused by deposition of aluminum-bearing substances. Though inorganic foulants were minor contents on membrane, their contribution to overall membrane fouling was substantial. Membrane fouling was not uniform on membrane. While contents of organic and inorganic foulants were the highest at the inlet and outlet region, respectively, the severity of membrane fouling increased from the inlet to the outlet region of membrane element with a difference higher than 30%. While alkaline cleaning was not effective in removing the membrane foulants, the use of ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) at alkaline conditions could effectively restore the membrane permeance.     

古树名木保护地方立法评析与建议

对我国出台的15部古树名木保护地方性法规和规章出台时间、主要内容进行了归纳分析。结果发现:法规和规章中存在着管理体制不顺、权责利不对等、处罚标准不合理等问题。在研究基础上,提出完善古树名木保护立法的建议:加快推进古树名木保护国家立法,逐步完善地方立法,进一步理顺保护管理体制,建立古树名木保护补偿制度,加强科学研究与技术推广等。     

利用"三废"制轻型保温隔热建筑材料

塑料的问世给人们的日常生活带来了极大方便的同时,也给人类居住环境造成很大破坏。人们使用后的聚苯乙烯泡沫包装盒(板)和塑料袋随处可见,形成了难以消除的“白色污染”。还有工业废渣到处堆积如山,没有得到充分利用。针对这种情况．笔者为了开发这些“三废”材料的新用途．利用泡沫塑料和炉渣表观密度小、空隙率大、保温隔热性能好等特性,研制了一种轻型保温隔热建筑材料,经过实验取得了良好效果。     

Properties of mortars made by uncalcined FGD gypsum-fly ash-ground granulated blast furnace slag composite binder

A series of novel mortars were developed from composite binder of uncalcined FGD gypsum, fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) for the good utilization of flue gas desulphurization (FGD) gypsum. At a fixed ratio (20%) of GGBFS to the composite binder, keeping consistency of the mortar between 9.5 and 10.0 cm, the properties of the composite mortar were studied. The results show that higher water/binder (W/B) is required to keep the consistency when increasing the percentage of FGD gypsum. No obvious influences of the W/B and content of FGD gypsum on the bleeding of paste were observed which keeps lower than 2% under all experimental conditions tried. The highest compressive and flexural strengths (ratio is 20% FGD gypsum, 20% GGBFS and 60% FA) are 22.6 and 4.3 MPa at 28 days, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that massive ettringite crystals and C-S-H gels exist in the hydration products. At 90 days the mortars with FGD gypsum is dramatically smaller drying shrinkage (563-938 micro strain) than that without FGD gypsum (about 2250 micro strain). The release of the SO(4)(2-) from the mortar was analyzed, indicating that the dissolution of sulfate increases with FGD gypsum. The concentration of SO(4)(2-) releasing from the mortar with 10% FGD gypsum is almost equal to that obtained from the mortar without FGD gypsum. The release of SO(4)(2-) from the mortar with 20% FGD gypsum is 9200 mg·m(-2), which is lower than that from the mortar with 95% cement clinker and 5% FGD gypsum.     

中国南方红黄壤旱地多熟制效益的系统分析

我国南方有1.58亿亩的红黄壤旱地,目前生产力水平很低。为了开发红黄壤旱地,挖掘其生产潜力,我们于1986～1989年在江西南昌进行了多熟制的定位试验。结果表明,红黄壤旱地发展多熟制可以大幅度提高土地生产力,培肥地力,达到生态效益、经济效益和社会效益同步增长。同时,为了全面、合理地评价耕作制度,文章采用了综合评判的方法,对本试验的6个多熟制的效益进行了系统分析,对其优劣作了较客观的评价,但这一分析方法还有待进一步完善。     

Changes in Soil Properties After Establishment of Artemisia halodendron and Caragana microphylla on Shifting Sand Dunes in Semiarid Horqin Sandy Land, Northern China

In the semiarid Horqin sandy land of northern China, establishment of artificial sand-fixing shrubs on desertified sandy lands is an effective measure to control desertification and improve the regional environment. Caragana microphylla Lam. and Artemisia halodendron Turcz. ex Bess. are two of the dominant native shrub species, which are adapted well to windy and sandy environments, and thus, are widely used in revegetation programs to control desertification in Horqin region. To assess the effects of artificially planting these two shrub species on restoration of desertified sandy land, soil properties and plant colonization were measured 6 years after planting shrubs on shifting sand dunes. Soil samples were taken from two depths (0–5 cm and 5–20 cm) under the shrub canopy, in the mid-row location (alley) between shrub belts, and from nonvegetated shifting sand dune (as a control). Soil fine fractions, soil water holding capacity, soil organic C and total N have significantly increased, and pH and bulk density have declined at the 0–5-cm topsoil in both C. microphylla and A. halodendron. At the 5–20 cm subsurface soil, changes in soil properties are not significant, with exception of bulk density and organic C concentration under the canopy of A. halodendron and total N concentration under the canopy of C. microphylla. Soil amelioration processes are initiated under the shrub canopies, as higher C and N concentrations were found under the canopies compared with alleys. At the same time, the establishment of shrubs facilitates the colonization and development of herbaceous species. A. halodendron proved to have better effects in fixing the sand surface, improving soil properties, and restoring plant species in comparison to C. microphylla.