典型河谷城市儿童土壤与灰尘铅暴露风险

为定量评价河谷型城市土壤与灰尘铅对城市儿童健康的影响与风险,结合野外调查的基础上,以陕西渭河谷地典型工业城市宝鸡、西安、渭南和铜川为研究区域,以定量分析河谷型城市儿童环境铅暴露为核心,收集4个城市土壤与灰尘分析样品总计243个。利用X射线荧光光谱法测定了4个城市土壤与灰尘铅的含量;采用BCR连续形态分级法探究了城市土壤与灰尘重金属铅地球化学形态分布与迁移特征;根据US EPA污染物暴露与健康风险评价模型对城市儿童铅暴露进行了评价。研究结果表明渭河谷地典型城市宝鸡、铜川、西安和渭南城市土壤与灰尘铅浓度(X±SD)分别为(409.2±52.54)和(624.70±66.15)mg·kg-1、(357.47±41.37)和(592.60±36.78)mg·kg-1、(61.4±13.31)和(78.42±14.89)mg·kg-1、(46.71±12.11)和(64.7±13.76)mg·kg-1,均高出陕西省土壤铅背景值;污染水平依次为宝鸡铜川西安渭南。4个河谷型城市土壤与灰尘重金属铅发生整体迁移的趋势为:宝鸡城市灰尘(90.71%)西安城市灰尘(84.74%)≥宝鸡城市土壤(83.12%)渭南城市灰尘(74.89%)≥西安城市土壤(74.50%)铜川城市灰尘(72.49%)铜川城市土壤(57.50%)渭南城市土壤(53.79%)。可见,铅在均在城市灰尘中的迁移趋势远大于相应的城市土壤。4个城市土壤与灰尘均表现出较大的儿童暴露致癌风险,宝鸡和铜川城市儿童土壤与灰尘铅暴露也分别存在非致癌风险,风险程度依次为宝鸡铜川西安渭南。儿童铅暴露致癌与非致癌风险程度与其城市土壤和灰尘中铅可氧化态分布呈相似的规律,表明碱性的城市土壤与城市灰尘(p H7)中可氧化态铅可能是导致河谷型城市儿童铅暴露风险和儿童血铅污染的主要形态和因素。由此,城市燃煤排放与含铅制品的加工等活动可能是渭河谷地河谷型城市儿童血铅与铅暴露最主要的贡献源,必须采取长期有效的监测与控制措施。     

多效唑在鱼体内的分布,积累与类脂质含量相关性研究

实验水系统中，植物生长调节剂多效唑在鲤科类金鱼体内分布、积累的研究结果表明，＾３Ｈ－ＭＥＴ主要积累在鱼体消化系统；各器官／组织的积累量依次为：肠＞肝＞鳃＞皮＞肉＞骨；多效唑效生物积累因子（ＢＣＦ）和鱼体类脂质含量之间有较高的正相关性。     

基于GIS和分形理论的城市蔓延度研究——以马鞍山市为例

在快速城市化过程中,城市不断扩张而产生的蔓延现象与土地可持续发展紧密相关,合理控制城市蔓延度可以节约资源,促进城市内涵式发展。根据蔓延度内部机理和分形理论构建蔓延测度指标体系,采用GIS方法,通过分维数、空间稳定性等指数,以马鞍山市为例分析研究区城市蔓延度特征和时空差异。研究表明:(1)分形理论适用于城市蔓延度的定量研究;(2)从时间维度看,研究区内部不同区域间的蔓延趋势总体相似,但蔓延程度有所差异;(3)从空间维度看,蔓延度与分维数、建设用地破碎度呈正相关,与空间稳定性指数呈负相关。马鞍山市城市蔓延的机制是土地导向,经济发展是抑制过度蔓延的动力。     

从委托代理理论谈中国的环境影响评价制度

根据委托代理理论,分析了中国环境影响评价制度中存在的问题,立足于绿色招商的理念,理顺建设项目环评委托代理关系,明确了建设单位、环评单位、招商部门、环保部门等相互之间的关系和职责,以使中国的环境影响评价制度更适应新型工业化道路发展的要求。     

Flow and transport in unsaturated fractured rock: effects of multiscale heterogeneity of hydrogeologic properties

The heterogeneity of hydrogeologic properties at different scales may have different effects on flow and transport processes in a subsurface system. A model for the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, is developed to represent complex heterogeneity at two different scales: (1) layer scale corresponding to geologic layering and (2) local scale. The layer-scale hydrogeologic properties are obtained using inverse modeling, based on the available measurements collected from the Yucca Mountain site. Calibration results show a significant lateral and vertical variability in matrix and fracture properties. Hydrogeologic property distributions in a two-dimensional, vertical cross-section of the site are generated by combining the average layer-scale matrix and fracture properties with local-scale perturbations generated using a stochastic simulation method. The unsaturated water flow and conservative (nonsorbing) tracer transport through the cross-section are simulated for different sets of matrix and fracture property fields. Comparison of simulation results indicates that the local-scale heterogeneity of matrix and fracture properties has a considerable effect on unsaturated flow processes, leading to fast flow paths in fractures and the matrix. These paths shorten the travel time of a conservative tracer from the source (repository) horizon in the unsaturated zone to the water table for small fractions of total released tracer mass. As a result, the local-scale heterogeneity also has a noticeable effect on global tracer transport processes, characterized by an average breakthrough curve at the water table, especially at the early arrival time of tracer mass. However, the effect is not significant at the later time after 20% tracer mass reaches the water table. The simulation results also verify that matrix diffusion plays an important role in overall solute transport processes in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain.     

矿井重大灾害危险性评价的改进灰色统计法

用灰色统计理论［１］研究了矿井四大灾害即冒顶、水灾、火灾和瓦斯爆炸的危险性预评价问题，提出了一种新的评价方法──灰色统计综合法。同时，从应用的角度出发对灰色统计的算法作了改进，改进后的算法便于记忆和应用。     

北京市机动车排放遥感监测分析

机动车排放遥感监测反映实际道路行驶中的排放状况,对全面分析排放水平有很强的统计意义。北京市机动车排放遥感监测的CO、HC和NOx的平均浓度分别为1.94%、388×10-6和700×10-6。北京市机动车排放的CO、HC和NOx中50%分别来自于15.90%、13.98%、11.13%的高排放车,但某车辆对于一种污染物出现高排放并不意味着它对其他污染物也是高排放。根据遥感监测得到北京市轻型汽油车基于油耗的CO、HC和NOx平均尾气管排放因子分别为200.1g/L、11.05 g/L和6.68 g/L。     

Bioreduction of nitrate in groundwater using a pilot-scale hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor

A long-term pilot-scale H₂-based membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) was tested for removal of nitrate from actual groundwater. A key feature of this second-generation pilot MBfR is that it employed lower cost polyester hollow fibers and still achieved high loading rate. The steady-state maximum nitrate surface loading at which the effluent nitrate and nitrite concentrations were below the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) was at least 5.9 g·N·(m²·d)^?1, which corresponds to a maximum volumetric loading of at least 7.7 kg·N·(m³·d) ^?1. The steady-state maximum nitrate surface area loading was higher than the highest nitrate surface loading reported in the first-generation MBfRs using composite fibers (2.6 g·N·(m²·d)^?1). This work also evaluated the H₂-utilization efficiency in MBfR. The measured H₂ supply rate was only slightly higher than the stoichiometric H₂-utilization rate. Thus, H₂ utilization was controlled by diffusion and was close to 100% efficiency, as long as biofilm accumulated on the polyester-fiber surface and the fibers had no leaks.     

有机磷农药废水碱性水解生物处理技术

本文报道了碱性水解和生物氧化两步法,处理有机磷农药-乐果、甲胺磷生产废水的研究结果.废水经碱性水解后,COD和有机磷浓度基本不变,但可生化性有明显改善.在遵循常规生物处理必须满足的条件下,碱性废水进一步用间歇或连续活性污泥法处理.COD去除率90%左右,有机磷去除率85%以上,有机磷含量以毒性磷计小于0.5mg/L.深入考察了碱解剂种类、水溶液的pH和温度等各种因素对碱性水解的影响,结果表明:NaOH作碱解剂时的碱解速率比Ca(OH),提高28%;碱解速率随pH和温度的升高而增大,pH每增加一个单位,碱解速率增加2～11倍;温度每升高10℃,碱解速率增加2～5倍.     

岩豆凝集素的纯化及其分子残基的化学修饰和活性关系

岩豆种子经侵取、硫酸铵分级、ＤＥＡＥ－纤维素离子交换和ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１００分子筛层析，获得ＦＰＬＣ上单一的凝集素样品，对此纯化的凝集素样品用Ｎ－溴代丁二酰亚胺、Ｎ－乙基顺丁烯二酰亚胺、二流苏糖醇，碘乙酸和对氯汞苯甲酸修饰其分子内的色氨酸和巯基．经计算，该凝集素分子内含有４个色氨酸和２４个流基，当色氨酸被修饰后其凝集活性全部丧失，而巯基被修饰后对其凝血活性无任何影响，表明巯基与凝集素分子的凝血活性无关，而色氨酸则是凝集活性所必需的基团．