Can body-size patterns of ciliated zooplankton be used for assessing marine water quality? A case study on bioassessment in Jiaozhou Bay, northern Yellow Sea

Introduction

In order to reveal the potential relationships between body-size patterns of microzooplankton and environmental status, the spatial patterns in body-size spectra of ciliated zooplanktons were studied based on an annual dataset in a bay of the Yellow Sea, northern China.

Materials and methods

A total of 120 samples were collected at a depth of 1?m from each of five sampling sites with a spatial gradient of environmental stress from June 2007 to May 2008. A range of physico-chemical variables were measured synchronously for comparison with biotic parameters.

Results

The spatial body-size patterns of ciliated zooplankton represented significant differences among the five sites, and were significantly correlated with the changes of physico-chemical parameters, especially salinity, dissolved oxygen and nutrients. Two paired indices, the average body-size distinctness (AvBSD) and the variation in body-size distinctness (VarBSD), were proposed based on the trait resemblances among ciliate species in body-size pattern. The paired measures showed a clear decreasing trend of departure from the expected body-size spectra in response to water quality status.

Conclusion

These results suggest that the body-size pattern of ciliated zooplankton might be used as a potential indicator of marine water quality.     

Characterization of carbonic anhydrase II from Chlorella vulgaris in bio-CO2 capture

Carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) can catalyze the reversible hydration reaction of CO₂ at a maximum of 1.4?×?10⁶ molecules of CO₂ per second. The crude intracellular enzyme extract containing CA II was derived from Chlorella vulgaris. A successful CO₂ capture experiment with the presence of calcium had been conducted on the premise that the temperature was conditioned at a scope of 30?C40?°C, that the biocatalyst-nurtured algal growth period lasted 3?days, and that pH ranged from7.5 to 8.5. Ions of K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Zn²⁺ at 0.01, 0.1, and 0.5?M were found to exhibit no more than 30?% inhibition on the residual activity of the biocatalyst. It is reasonable to expect that calcification catalyzed by microalgae presents an alternative to geological carbon capture and sequestration through a chain of fundamental researches carried on under the guidance of sequestration technology.     

高分子量高纯度阳离子聚丙烯酰胺的合成

以丙烯酰胺与丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵为单体,在复合引发剂的作用下,选择水溶液共聚法合成高分子量与高纯度阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)。实验表明,有机偶氮引发剂A用量0.5‰、氧化还原引发剂用量0.45‰、还原剂与氧化剂摩尔比2∶1、反应体系pH为4与反应时间5 h条件下,CPAM分子量为1 042万,且溶解性好。通过对聚合物残单含量影响因素添加剂用量、反应时间的研究,结果表明,添加剂EDTA和增溶剂D对残留AM含量影响小,而苯甲酸钠对聚合物残留AM的含量影响显著;延长反应时间至7 h,残单含量可降低至0.27%,CPAM的纯度高。通过与国内外3种同类型产品进行对比,结果表明,自制产品的分子量明显高于其他产品,且残单含量比国内产品降低了50%～75%。     

脂肽类生物表面活性剂液体发酵条件的响应面优化

通过Plackett-Burman和Box-Behnken实验对解淀粉芽孢杆菌XZ-173液体发酵生产表面活性素进行了响应面优化研究。首先使用Plackett-Burman实验对影响表面活性素产量的17个因素进行显著性筛选,结果表明,MnSO4、CuSO4、温度和转速为显著性因素。再运用Box-Behnken实验对这4个显著因素的取值进一步优化,得到各因素优化后的数值分别为4.4 mg/L(MnSO4)、0.18 mg/L(CuSO4)、29℃(温度)和163 r/min(转速)。响应面分析结果表明:该菌株产生表面活性素的最佳培养基为:葡萄糖15 g/L,蛋白胨5 g/L,L-谷氨酸钠6 g/L,KH2PO40.8 g/L,MgSO40.4 g/L,KCl 0.4 g/L,酵母提取物3 g/L,L-苯丙氨酸2.5 mg/L,MnSO44.4 mg/L,CuSO40.18 mg/L,FeSO40.12 mg/L;最适培养条件:pH 7.5,温度29℃,转速163 r/min,接种量5%,装液量50 mL/250 mL,摇床培养36 h。在优化后的条件下,表面活性素实际产量为336 mg/L,实际实验结果与模型预测结果相一致。表面活性素采用HPLC技术分离,发现其在浓度仅为50 mg/L时EI24就可达到70%以上,反映了表面活性素优异的乳化活性以及广阔的应用前景。     

不同质量浓度苦草对铜绿微囊藻生长及抗氧化酶系统的影响

采用苦草（Vallisneria spiralis Linn.）和铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）共生培养的实验方法,通过追踪测定铜绿微囊藻的生物量、叶绿素a含量、丙二醛（MDA）含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性,研究了不同质量浓度苦草对铜绿微囊藻生长及抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明,质量浓度大于10 g/L时,苦草对铜绿微囊藻有明显的抑制作用,表现为苦草质量浓度为10、20和40 g/L时,第15天对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率分别为63.3%、94.7%和99.8%,培养过程中,铜绿微囊藻的叶绿素a含量逐渐减少,而SOD、POD活性及MDA含量呈现先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,表明苦草释放的化感物质在经过一定时间积累后能够明显抑制铜绿微囊藻SOD和POD的活性,引起细胞的氧化损伤,促进叶绿素的分解,从而导致藻类死亡,这是苦草抑制铜绿微囊藻生长的原因之一。     

Degradation of aqueous Rhodamine B by plasma generated along the water surface and its enhancement using nanocrystalline Fe-, Mn-, and Ce-doped TiO2 films

The degradation of aqueous Rhodamine B (RhB) was examined using a dual-channel spark switch module designed to regulate the steepness of pulsed high voltage with microsecond rise time. Depending on the energy per pulse, a spark along the water surface (SPWS) or streamer along the water surface (STWS) was formed. STWS was found to have a better degradation effect and energy efficiency toward RhB than SPWS at the same power; however, addition of H₂O₂ amounts resulted in increased degradation, the effect being more pronounced using SPWS. The initial concentration of RhB also appeared to influence the rate constant of the degradation reaction. Furthermore, TiO₂ films doped with Fe, Mn, and Ce were found to enhance the degradation performance of plasma. A possible reaction mechanism of plasma formation along the water surface was concluded by determination of the main inorganic products in the liquid and gas phases.     

Kinetics of peanut shell pyrolysis and hydrolysis in subcritical water

Biomass is recognized as an important solution to energy and the environmental problems related to fossil fuel usage. The rational utilization of biomass waste is important not only for the prevention of environmental issues, but also for the effective utilization of natural resources. Pyrolysis and hyrolysis in subcritical water are promising processes for biomass waste conversion. This paper deals with hydrolysis and pyrolysis of peanut shells. Hydrolysis and pyrolysis kinetics of peanut shell wastes were investigated for the in-depth exploration of process mechanisms and for the control of the reactions. Hydrolysis kinetics was conducted in a temperature range of 180–240 °C. A simplified kinetic model to describe the hydrolysis of peanut shells was proposed. Hydrolysis activation energy as well as the pre-exponential factor was determined according to the model. The target products of peanut shell hydrolysis, reducing sugars, can reach up to 40.5 % (maximum yield) at 220 °C and 180 s. Pyrolysis characteristics were investigated. The results showed that three stages appeared in this thermal degradation process. Kinetic parameters in terms of apparent pyrolysis activation energy and pre-exponential factor were obtained by the Coats–Redfern method.     

电渗透脱水污泥干燥特性曲线及干燥模型

通过电渗透脱水技术及自然风干技术两种预处理方式降低污泥含水率,当污泥初始含水率相近时,研究经两种方式处理后污泥的干燥特性曲线,并对电渗透脱水污泥干燥特性曲线的优势情况进行探讨。在40—120℃的低温条件下,研究电渗透脱水污泥（泥饼厚度为3．5mm）的干燥特性曲线并分析其干燥特性。通过所得电渗透脱水污泥的干燥特性曲线,引人薄层污泥干燥模型进行数值分析。结果表明,在实验条件下,电渗透脱水污泥的干燥速率要优于自然风干污泥的干燥速率。随着温度的升高,电渗透脱水污泥的干燥速率随之升高,干燥到所需含水率的时间则随之减少。Logarithmic模型比其他模型更适合描述薄层电渗透脱水污泥在低温条件下的干燥特性。     

碳源类型及进水量分配对CMICAO工艺脱氮除磷的影响

研究了分别以葡萄糖和乙酸钠为碳源时多点交替进水阶式A2/O(CMICAO)工艺氮磷的去除效果,以及在不同进水C/N比时各进水量分配对脱氮除磷效果的影响.结果表明,在相同的进水COD浓度下,乙酸钠比葡萄糖更适合作为碳源,更能提高脱氮除磷效率.以葡萄糖为碳源时,COD为200 mg/L、C/N比为5、缺氧池与厌氧池进水配比为1∶2时,出水COD、TN、氨氮和TP浓度分别为28.5、10.8、2.1和0.5 mg/L,均达到国家一级A排放标准.若采用葡萄糖作为碳源,投加量以使进水C/N比为5～7.5为宜,外加碳源时缺氧池与厌氧池进水分配比可统一采用1∶1.