Designing monitoring networks to represent outdoor human exposure

Measurements of outdoor human exposure to suspended particulate matter (PM) are always constrained by available resources. An effective network design requires tradeoffs between variables measured, the number of sampling locations, sample duration, and sampling frequency. Sampling sites are needed to represent neighborhood and urban spatial scales with minimal influences from nearby sources. Although most PM measurements for determining compliance with standards are taken over 24-h periods every third to sixth day, outdoor human exposure assessment requires measurements taken continuously throughout the day, preferably over durations of 1 h or less. More detailed particle size and chemistry data are also desirable, as smaller size fractions and specific chemicals may be better indicators of adverse health effects than total mass samples.     

混凝-氧化法处理印染废水

采用混凝 氧化法对印染废水进行处理 ,得出最佳混凝条件及氧化条件。实验结果表明 ,该法可使印染废水的CODCr与色度去除率分别达到 90 .2 %和 99.1%。该方法具有去除率高、操作方便、设备简单、不产生二次污染等优点。     

Performance of three-phase three-dimensional electrode reactor for the reduction of COD in simulated wastewater-containing phenol

The removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from wastewater-containing phenol was investigated using three-phase three-dimensional electrode reactor. Special attention was paid to experimentally probe the performance of the reactor in COD removal in the process of repeated batch runs. The experimental results showed that the reactor could remove COD from phenol-containing wastewater much more efficiently than both granulated activated carbon (GAC) adsorption bed and conventional three-dimensional electrode. For 200th batch run, the three-phase three-dimensional electrode reactor with an airflow of 5 l min(-1) and a cell voltage of 30 V could remove 1350 ppm COD from the wastewater in 30 min while conventional three-dimensional electrode reactor with a same cell voltage and GAC adsorption bed with a same airflow only could remove 610 and 1000 ppm, respectively, at the same reaction duration. Although it was found that COD removal decreased with increasing repeated batch runs in our experimental range, due to adsorption saturation of GAC and electrode passivation, the extent of decrease for the three-phase three-dimensional electrode is much less than those for conventional three-dimensional electrodes and GAC adsorption beds. The passivated reactor could be partly re-activated by electrolysis in the presence of MnO2.     

污泥酸化速率影响因子的探讨

采用城市污水厂污泥作为嗜酸微生物菌株来源,通过添加一定量的单质硫,使其中的嗜酸硫杆菌群大量增殖,并使污泥pH大幅降低.取得的培养物可用于废旧干电池中重金属沥滤等的处理.由于培养物对重金属沥滤效率和污泥的酸化速率密切相关,为此进行了不同的污泥种类、加硫量、污泥浓度和曝气强度对污泥酸化速率影响的实验.实验表明,初沉泥、二沉泥和混合浓缩污泥都能迅速利用硫产酸;加硫量(以100 mL污泥计)在0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0 g时,快速酸化的趋势相同.0.5 g的加硫量显示出略微慢的酸化速率,最后达到的最低pH在1.2左右,其他三个都降至1.0以下.污泥质量分数在0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、3.0%、4.0%时,也具有相同的酸化趋势,0.5%质量分数的污泥下降速率最快,这与较低浓度下污泥对pH的缓冲能力较小有关;曝气强度在0.45 L/min和0.3 L/min差别较小,5 d内能迅速降低pH,0.2 L/min的酸化速率较慢,足够长的时间(12 d)也能将pH降至2.5左右,0.1 L/min的曝气强度的酸化速率最慢,不能达到预期的酸化效果.     

磷酸钕共沉淀选择性分离富集-原子吸收测定环境水样中痕量铅

研究提出了用磷酸钕(NdPO4)作为共沉淀捕集剂分离富集环境水样中的痕量Pb2 ,用火焰原子吸收光谱(FAAS)测定的方法.共沉淀受pH、NdCl3和H3PO4溶液用量的影响.结果显示,在溶液pH为3.2时,20 mL水样中加入5 mg/L NdCl3 2 mL、0.5 mol/L H3PO4 3 mL条件下,铅的加标回收率为96.6%～104.2%,方法的检测限为5.7×10-3 mg/L,水体中常见碱金属、碱土金属离子及阴离子在一定范围内不影响测定.     

垃圾焚烧过程中水分促燃脱氯效果的研究

分别在转式垃圾焚烧炉和固定床加热炉中，研究了水分对垃圾焚烧及钙基脱氯效果的影响。研究结果表明，垃圾焚烧过程中一定量水分的存在能促进垃圾焚烧效率，提高钙基氯剂的脱氯效率。同时，分析水分促进垃圾焚烧率和脱氯效果提高的原因，这是由于水分能强化焚烧过程的传质传热，能活化脱氯剂，改善脱氯剂的物理和化学性质，这些研究结果将为垃圾焚烧技术在我国的进一步推广提供科学依据。     

复合型除尘器除尘脱硫一体化工艺实验研究

试验研究了专利产品“高压静电滤槽复合型卧式除尘器”的除尘脱硫一体化工艺。试验表明，在布袋前方的末级电场中实行半干法脱硫工艺具有可行性，可达到除尘脱硫一体化目的。试验同时研究了钙硫比、脱硫灰循环率、饱和温距、喷水量和SO2浓度等对脱硫率的影响。该工艺适用于以低硫煤为燃料的锅炉进行除尘脱硫。     

Synergistic solubilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by mixed anionic-nonionic surfactants

Water solubility enhancements of naphthalene (Naph), acenaphthylene (Acen), anthracene (An), phenanthrene (Phen) and pyrene (Py) by micellar solutions of single and mixed anionic-nonionic surfactants were measured and compared. Effects of typical inorganic ions, such as NH(4)(+), Na(+) and Mg(2+) coexisted with the organic pollutants (in soils) on water solubilities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the presence of single and mixed surfactants were also investigated. Solubilities of PAHs in water are greatly enhanced in a linear fashion by each of Triton X-100 (TX100), Triton X-305 (TX305), Brij 35, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Solubility enhancement efficiencies of surfactants above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) follow the order of TX100>Brij 35>TX305>SDS. PAHs are solubilized synergistically in mixed anionic-nonionic surfactant solutions, especially at low surfactant concentrations. The synergistic power of the mixed surfactants is SDS-TX305>SDS-Brij 35>SDS-TX100. Synergistic effect of a given mixed-surfactant solution on different PAHs also appears to be linearly related to the solute logK(ow). The noted synergism for the mixed surfactants is attributed to the formation of mixed micelles, the lower CMC of the mixed-surfactant solutions, and the increase of the solute's molar solubilization ratio or micellar partition coefficients (K(mc)) because of the lower polarity of the mixed micelles. Suitable quantity of inorganic cations can enhance the solubilization capacities of anionic-nonionic mixed surfactants, the effect being Mg(2+)>NH(4)(+)>Na(+). The water solubility of pyrene was slightly increased by anthracene and significantly increased by 1,2,3-TCB in the presence of SDS-Brij 35. Mixed surfactants may improve the performance of surfactant-enhanced remediation of soils and sediments by decreasing the applied surfactant level and thus the remediation cost.     

大气颗粒物上多环芳烃的识别和源解析的进展

本文对当前大气颗粒物上ＰＡＨｓ的识别和源解析的定量及定性和半定量的方法进行了综述，定性及半定量方法简便易行，但误差大；化学质量平衡法结果较准确具体，但ＰＡＨｓ会发生化学反应而降解，并且没有各种燃烧源较完整的ＰＡＨｓ成份谱，这已成为ＣＭＢ广泛推行的障碍；多元统计方法不考虑ＰＡＨｓ的降解，但要求数据量大，国内外的科学工作者用不同的方法和手段，使ＰＡＨｓ来源的识别和源解析工作有了一定进展。     

城市室内环境多环芳烃污染与源的相关性

本实验选择了天津市４类典型室内环境和２处室外对照点，共１９个采样点。现场采样测定了１０种ＰＡＨｓ组成含量。结果显示，室内燃煤和室内吸烟是室内环境中多环芳烃排放的主要污染源。同作为对照的室外大气中多环芳烃组成和含量进行了对比，研究了室内环境不同污染源排放多环芳烃组成和含量的特征性。提出了室内燃煤污染同燃煤型室外大气源排放多环芳烃具有相似组成含量特征，而室内烟草烟雾污染源的多环芳烃组成含量特征则与室外