The risks of sulfur addition on cadmium accumulation in paddy rice under different water-management conditions

Recently, the application of sulfur (S) has been recommended to control the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) in rice in contaminated paddy soil. However, the effects of exogenous S on Cd transfer in paddy rice systems under different water-management practices have not been systematically investigated. Pot experiments were performed to monitor the composition of soil pore water and the Cd accumulation in iron plaque and rice tissue were compared under different S (0 and 200 mg/kg Na₂SO₄) and water (continuous and discontinuous flooding) treatments. Sulfur application significantly increased Cd concentrations in soil pore water under discontinuous flooding conditions, but slightly reduced them under continuous flooding. Moreover, the oxidation/reduction potential (Eh) was the most critical factor that affected the Cd levels. When the Eh exceeded −42.5 mV, S became the second critical factor, and excessive S application promoted Cd dissolution. In addition, S addition elevated the Cd levels in iron plaque and reduced the Cd transfer from the iron plaque to rice roots. In rice, S addition inhibited Cd transfer from the rice roots to the straw; thus, more Cd was stored in the rice roots. Nevertheless, additional S application increased the Cd content in the rice grains by 72% under discontinuous flooding, although this effect was mitigated by continued flooding. Under simulated practical water management conditions, S addition increased the risk of Cd contamination in rice, suggesting that S application should be reconsidered as a paddy fertilization strategy.     

Measurement of Particulate Bound Mercury,Gaseous Elemental Mercury,and Reactive Gaseous Mercury Concentrations by Using an Ambient Air Mercury Collection System

In this investigation, the concentrations of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) and particulate bound mercury (PBM) in ambient air were measured at the Hung Kuang (traffic) sampling site during September 27 to October 6, 2014. An ambient air mercury collection system (AAMCS) was utilized to measure simultaneously PBM, GEM, and RGM concentrations in ambient air. The results thus obtained demonstrate that the mean concentrations of PBM, GEM, and RGM were 38.57 ± 11.4 (pg/m³), 17.67 ± 5.56 (ng/m³) and 10.78 ± 2.8 (pg/m³), respectively, at this traffic-sampling site. The mean GEM/PBM and GEM/RGM concentration ratios were 458 and 1639, respectively. The results obtained herein demonstrate that AAMCS can be utilized to collect three phases of mercury simultaneously. The mean PBM, GEM, and RGM concentrations herein were compared with others found in Asia, America, Europe and Antarctica. The mean PBM, GEM, and RGM concentrations were found to be lowest in Asia and Antarctica. The mean PBM concentration in Europe was approximately eight times that in this investigation. The mean GEM and RGM concentrations in this study were 1.21 and 170 times those found in the United States.     

铁基双金属催化剂活化过硫酸盐去除水中抗生素研究进展

近年来,抗生素残留物在多种水体中被普遍检出,对水生态环境和人类健康造成严重威胁.基于活化过硫酸盐高级氧化作用去除水中抗生素污染物,以其氧化性强、选择性高和pH适用范围宽等特点成为研究热点.低成本、高稳定性和催化性能优异的铁基双金属材料能有效活化过硫酸盐,它弥补了单一铁元素活化剂易失活、效率低和容易产生二次污染等缺陷.针对尖晶石铁氧体、铁基层状双金属氢氧化物和铁基普鲁士蓝类似物3种典型铁基双金属催化剂,开展其活化过硫酸盐降解抗生素的研究分析,系统讨论了铁基双金属活化过硫酸盐的几种内在驱动机制,并分别对自由基、单线态氧和高价金属的产生,电子转移和过硫酸盐直接氧化过程进行了梳理.最后,总结了活化过硫酸盐技术处理氟喹诺酮类、磺胺类、四环素类与β-内酰胺类抗生素等4种典型抗生素的一般降解途径,为今后研究铁基双金属催化剂及其改性、衍生物和复合物等在活化过硫酸盐技术中的应用提供参考.     

基于水环境质量底线汇水单元划分的实践研究

水环境质量底线划定是"三线一单"的重要组成部分.在国家确立的控制单元的基础上,进行水环境控制单元细化,是水环境质量底线划定的关键环节.基于水环境控制单元划分时汇水单元阈值选取往往存在一定的盲目性,该研究以湖南省为例选取典型区域,在水平分辨率30 m的DEM栅格数据条件下,通过"阈值(栅格数)-河网密度"拟合曲线的一阶导数求得合理的参考阈值.该研究为"三线一单"水环境控制单元划分时汇水单元阈值选取提供方法参考,也为省、市两级编制"三线一单"的省份在以水环境控制单元为载体的分层次精细化管理方面提供了可借鉴的经验.     

Profile of the culturable microbiome capable of producing acyl-homoserine lactone in the tobacco phyllosphere

Bacterial populations coexisting in the phyllosphere niche have important effects on plant health. Quorum sensing (QS) allows bacteria to communicate via diffusible signal molecules, but QS-dependent behaviors in phyllosphere bacterial populations are poorly understood. We investigate the dense and diverse N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL)-producing phyllosphere bacteria living on tobacco leaf surfaces via a culture-dependent method and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Our results indicated that approximately 7.9%-11.7% of the culturable leaf-associated bacteria have the ability to produce AHL based on the assays using whole-cell biosensors. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene assigned the AHL-producing strains to two phylogenetic groups, with Gammaproteobacteria (93%) as the predominant group, followed by Alphaproteobacteria. All of the AHL-producing Alphaproteobacteria were affiliated with the genus Rhizobium, whereas the AHL-producing bacteria belonging to the Gammaproteobacteria mainly fell within the genera Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Pantoea and Serratia. The bioassays of supernatant extracts revealed that a portion of the strains have a remarkable AHL profile for AHL induction activity using the two different biosensors, and one compound in the active extract of a representative isolate, NTL223, corresponded to 3-oxo-hexanoyl-homoserine lactone. A large population size and diversity of bacteria capable of AHL-driven QS were found to cohabit on leaves, implying that cross-communication based AHL-type QS may be common in the phyllosphere. Furthermore, this study provides a general snapshot of a potential valuable application of AHL-producing bacteria inhabiting leaves for their presumable ecological roles in the phyllosphere.     

废旧轮胎在国内外道路工程中的应用现状

汽车工业的发展和汽车数量的增加,在给人民生活带来方便的同时,也产生了大量的废旧轮胎。废旧轮胎的堆积和不当处理,将对生态环境带来严重的污染,国内外学者对废旧轮胎的综合利用开展了大量的研究,将废旧轮胎经粉碎等处理制成橡胶沥青,应用于道路工程不仅提高了道路的耐热等性能,而且减少了生态环境污染,具有良好的社会效益、经济效益和环境效益。本文介绍了国内外对废旧轮胎在道路工程中的应用情况,通过与国外研究和工程实践的对比,指出了我国在此方面研究中存在的问题,为进一步废旧轮胎在道路工程中综合利用提供指导作用。     

便携式X射线荧光光谱仪快速测定土壤中多种金属元素

采用粉末压片、X射线荧光光谱分析土壤中的多种金属元素,经标准样品验证,该方法的检出限、准确度、精密度均符合分析要求。与原子吸收光谱法做对比试验,结果表明Ni和Cr相对偏差较大,而Cu、Zn、Mn和Pb相对偏差均〈5％。实验表明x射线荧光光谱分析法样品制备简单、分析速度快,适用于应急监测。     

17β3-雌二醇对西伯利亚鲟幼鱼的雌激素效应

为了研究以及评估在利用17β-雌二醇(estradiol-17β,E2)混饲投喂进行人工诱导西伯利亚鲟(Acipenser baerii)性别逆转过程中,外源雌激素处理对西伯利亚鲟幼鱼的雌激素效应以及激素残留风险.实验选取健康的2月龄西伯利亚鲟840尾,设置E2在饲料中的投喂剂量为1 mg·1kg-1(C组)和10 m...     

福州滨海地区菜地和果园土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量学特征

不同农业土地利用方式土壤生态化学计量学特征对于表征土壤养分供应水平具有一定的指示作用,对农田生态系统养分资源管理具有重要意义.为了揭示菜地和果园两种农业土地利用方式土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其生态化学计量学特征,以福州市滨海地区菜地(芋头地、红薯地)和果园(橘树园、西瓜地、梨树园)为研究对象,对菜地和果园农业土地利用方式下土壤C、 N、 P含量及其生态化学计量特征进行测定与分析.结果表明,土壤C、 N含量基本表现为果园>菜地(P<0.05),其中橘树园土壤C含量最高(4.44 g·kg^-1),西瓜地土壤N含量最高(1.46 g·kg^-1).而土壤P含量基本表现为菜地>果园(P<0.05),其中红薯地土壤P含量最高(0.19 g·kg^-1);土壤碳氮比(C/N)、碳磷比(C/P)和氮磷比(N/P)均表现为果园>菜地(P<0.05),其中,橘树园土壤C/N(7.40)、 C/P(61.43)最高,西瓜地土壤N/P最高(10.27);不同农业土地利用方式下土壤N含量与容重和电导率...