环巢湖流域表层沉积物重金属赋存特征及潜在生态风险评价

以环巢湖流域表层沉积物为对象,对8种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、As和Hg)总量及形态进行分析并运用潜在风险指数法对重金属的生态风险进行了评价.结果表明,环巢湖流域表层沉积物中重金属元素Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、As和Hg的总量总体呈现为南淝河-十五里河水系含量高,其次是裕溪河及支流,其他5条水系的重金属含量相对较低. BCR形态分析表明,重金属元素Hg、Cr、Ni和Cu主要以残渣态存在(分别占总量的77.56%、64.83%、56.52%和48.93%),Cd的可提取态含量比例最高(89.22%),其次为Zn、Pb和As(70.35%,69.50%和63.70%). 潜在生态风险危害指数(RI)表明,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni和As均为低污染等级,Cd为较重污染等级,Hg为重污染等级,7个水系的重金属潜在生态风险指数排序为:南淝河-十五里河>裕溪河>柘皋河>杭埠河-丰乐河>派河>白石山河>兆河,重潜在风险和严重潜在风险的区域主要分布在南淝河-十五里河水系以及裕溪河水系,因此,今后对巢湖流域进行重金属整治时可着重考虑针对这两条水系的Cd和Hg元素的重点治理.     

太湖藻源性颗粒物降解过程中营养盐转化及其生态效应

以太湖水体中藻源性颗粒有机物作为切入点,研究了不同环境条件下(有光,无光)藻源性颗粒有机物降解过程中C,N,P等营养元素的形态变化过程,分析了藻源性颗粒有机物对水体营养盐循环和浮游植物生长中的作用.实验结果显示,蓝藻水华过程中,藻源性颗粒有机物最高可占水体总C,N,P比例的81.51%,94.60%,97.47%,是水体营养元素的重要组成部分;有光组颗粒物APA显著高于无光组,说明有光组中颗粒态P降解和转化速率显著高于无光组,但有光组水体中SRP浓度低于无光组,Chl-a浓度高于无光组,说明有光组中藻源性颗粒物降解的同时伴随着藻类的生长,颗粒物释放的SRP被浮游植物吸收并转化为生物量;光照对C,N,P的降解过程有明显影响,无光组颗粒物中C,N,P降解速率是有光组的2倍,可降解比例是有光组的(2.5±0.1)倍;实验中还发现前7d各元素的降解速率要高于之后的降解速率.综上,藻源性颗粒物营养盐总量大,生物可利用性高,降解迅速,且降解产物可被浮游植物吸收,是藻类生长和水华发生重要的营养盐来源.     

基于气候调节的城市通风道探析

近年来,夏季炎热的气候和愈来愈强的热岛效应使城市饱受因挠,而城市设计策略中缺乏有效的生态规划方法来解决目前存在的问题,城市对炎热气候的适应性不足。论文在利用CFD(计算流体动力学)技术进行实例模拟分析的基础上,重点介绍了一种在城市尺度进行节能设计的新方法:在城市中建立多种形式的通风道,提高城市的通风和排热能力,以达到利用自然资源和有效的规划方式降低夏季城市“热岛”温度、节约能源的目的。文中详细论述了通风道的可行性和必要性、营建方式、注意原则等问题,并进行了一系列的计算机风场模拟研究。     

内蒙古自治区地质灾害与地质环境的关系分析

地质灾害的形成受地质环境条件中多种要素的综合控制,二者之间密切相关.这些要素包括地形地貌、气象特征、植被生态、地层岩性、地质构造、岩土体类型、人类工程活动.根据内蒙古自治区内地质灾害调查工作的研究程度及区内地质灾害的自身特点,以区内已发生灾害的大量统计数据为基础,定性分析了在何种地质环境条件下,才可能发育崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面塌陷灾害;定量分析了地形坡度、地形高差、沟谷流域特征、降雨量在某一具体分布范围内,才容易发育某种地质灾害;同时论述了人类工程活动对地质灾害的诱发作用.     

电石渣处理洗煤废水影响因素研究

试验研究了电石渣投加方式、聚丙烯酰胺种类以及加药顺序对洗煤废水处理效果的影响。研究结果表明,电石渣与聚丙烯酰胺的投加顺序对处理效果有显著影响,而且是先投聚丙烯酰胺的效果明显好于先投电石渣;电石渣的投加方式和聚丙烯酰胺的种类对处理效果也有不同程度的影响。     

A technical and economic comparison of biofiltration and wet chemical oxidation (scrubbing) for odor control at wastewater treatment plants

An economic and technical comparison of two odor control systems, a biofilter and a chemical wet scrubber, was conducted over a 1-year time period at a large municipal wastewater treatment plant. The biofilter system was designed to remove hydrogen sulfide gas and other oxidizable sewage odors from four covered gravity sludge thickeners, a gravity sludge thickener effluent channel and an influent splitter box for the gravity sludge thickeners. The sodium hypochlorite/sodium hydroxide wet scrubber was designed to control hydrogen sulfide gas and other oxidizable sewage odors from the covered primary settling tanks, influent distribution channels and effluent channel, and the mixing tank effluent channel. The technical comparison comprised their overall removal rates and efficiencies based on inlet H₂S concentrations and other operating variables. The economic comparison was designed to provide the cost per cubic meter of H₂S removed for each system. Influent and effluent gas samples were collected on a weekly basis. H₂S concentration levels were determined through the use of gas chromatography with a flame photometric detector. The results showed that the H₂S inlet gas concentration has a seasonal change with a maximum value occurring in August and September. The effluent H₂S concentration was lower than 2 ppm_v for both systems for most of the samples. The efficiency for both the biofilter and wet scrubber was above 95%, and was related to the operating and ambient conditions. The economic comparison revealed that the actual unit cost for the biofilter was higher than for the wet scrubber (U.S.160 /m < SUP > 3 < /SUP > H < SUB > 2 < /SUB > S removed versus U.S.160 /m³ H₂S removed versus U.S.131 /m³ H₂S removed). For both the biofilter and the wet scrubber, the investment costs are affected by the size/scale of the system, the design flow and other factors. For these systems, the mulch change costs, chemical usage costs, maintenance costs and power usage costs were mainly dependent on the actual odor gas loadings which showed substantial seasonal fluctuations as a function of the seasonal temperature. The worst case conditions reported here indicate that the H₂S concentrations generated during the summer months should be used to determine the design load.     

Virus retention and transport as influenced by different forms of soil organic matter

Organic materials are widespread in natural soil and aquatic environments. Their effect on virus transport is very important in assessing the risk for contamination of ground water by viruses. This study aimed to determine how different forms (mineral-associated and dissolved) of natural organic matter influence the retention and transport of two bacteriophages (MS-2 and phiX174) in two porous media (a sand and a soil). We found that mineral-associated organic matter significantly promoted the transport of one virus (MS-2) but not the other (phiX174) in a phosphate-buffered saline solution. Similarly, MS-2 was retained less in sand columns with increasing concentrations of dissolved humic acid, while little effect was observed for phiX174 under the same conditions. The two viruses have different surface properties and thus exhibited different reactivity to the metal oxides present on sand particles and were affected differently by organic matter. Because the organic matter used in the study was negatively charged and hydrophilic, blocking of virus sorption sites and increasing of virus-medium electrostatic repulsion arising from modification of the sand and virus surface by organic matter are probably responsible for the facilitated transport. For dissolved humic acid, its competition for sorption sites with viruses was an additional mechanism involved. This study suggests that the effect of organic matter varied depending on the organic material properties and the type of viruses involved. As a general trend, the effect of organic matter was dominated by electrostatic rather than hydrophobic interactions.     

城市污水处理厂污泥臭氧减量技术研究

通过半连续式实验考察了臭氧投加量和初始pH对剩余污泥臭氧处理的影响.结果表明,随着臭氧投加量的增加,污泥溶解率增加,有机质、氮、磷等物质释放到污泥液相中;最佳臭氧投加量控制在约150 mg·g-1(以SS计),污泥溶解率可达约26%;污泥臭氧减量应在初始pH中性或偏碱性条件下进行,此时污泥溶解率较高,有利于有机质和氮的溶出.臭氧处理后污泥回流至生物处理系统对微生物的生物活性、COD和TN的去除效果无显著影响,但由于系统中无剩余污泥排放,导致TP的去除效果明显下降.臭氧处理后污泥上清液的Ca(OH)2除磷实验发现,较高的钙磷摩尔比对上清液除磷有利;当其值控制在10.0左右时,TP的去除率大于80%.     

省级清洁生产中心职能定位思考

在对省级清洁生产中心的职能渐变过程进行总结的基础上,将其当前主要职能定位为:开展评估验收工作、审核咨询机构及其从业人员的管理、相关政策法规的在研究与制定、清洁生产相关宣传培训4项工作内容。省级清洁生产中心职能定位的明确,不仅有益于的其自身建设,从而更好地为清洁生产管理服务;同时,也有助于进一步提升了省级清洁生产管理工作的全面性和规范性。     

石油化工行业环保管理系统的设计与开发

通过对石油化工企业环保管理研究,参照国家环保相关法律法规的要求,设计了环保管理系统的功能模块和管理内容。利用Struts和Spring作为开发架构,Orcal作为数据库管理系统,选用Java作为开发语言进行了管理系统开发。该系统已在中国石化的部分企业进行了试点应用,为环保部门管理和决策提供了可靠依据。