纳米TiO2对气相中甲醛光催化降解的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺杂金属离子的纳米TiO₂光催化剂,运用透射电镜和X射线衍射手段对催化剂的结构进行了表征,并将制备的光催化剂负载于不锈钢丝网、玻璃弹簧和泡沫镍板3种不同载体上,以室内空气典型污染物甲醛气体为模型反应物,研究了3种不同改性纳米TiO₂光催化剂对甲醛气体的光催化作用,3种光催化反应器的催化效率以及环境因素对光催化效率的影响,同时考察了催化剂的失活特征.结果表明:该负载型纳米TiO₂光催化剂具有较高的光催化活性,其中掺镧1.5%(质量分数)的TiO₂对甲醛的降解率最高,60 min达到91.5%,大于掺铁和掺银;泡沫镍板作为负载载体的光催化效率大于玻璃弹簧和不锈钢丝网;循环风量和不同波长紫外光对该光催化反应影响不大,反应中催化剂存在失活现象,但在清洁后能够恢复.      

水稻土中挥发性含硫气体的释放

通过建立野外采样系统,对一个生长周期内水稻土释放的挥发性含硫气体进行了检测.研究结果表明:水稻土中释放的含硫气体主要为COS、CS₂和DMS,并有少量的DMDS.估算出的各含硫气体的释放通量分别为81.11、6.33和10.71 mg·(m²·a)^-1.我国水稻土释放含硫气体的通量为(S)0.013662 Tg/a,全球为(S)0.07992Tg/a     

美国水质反退化政策及其对中国的启示

作为美国水质标准的一个重要组成部分,反退化政策在防止良好水质进一步恶化方面发挥着重要作用.目前由于中国环境保护的法律法规中尚无反退化原则,水质标准中也缺乏反退化的定性规定,无法从根本上确立全力保护水质的决心.建议在《水污染防治法》中增加水质反退化政策,宣示国家保护水质的决心和意志,将反退化原则纳入中国的水质标准体系,并制定相应的执行细则.     

Alterations of microbial populations and composition in the rhizosphere and bulk soil as affected by residual acetochlor

Acetochlor is a widely used herbicide in maize fields; however, the ecological risk of its residue in the soil–plant system remains unknown. We investigated the dissipation dynamics of field dose acetochlor and clarified its impact on microbial biomass and community structure both in the rhizosphere and bulk soil over 1 month after its application. Soil microbial parameters such as quantities of culturable bacteria and fungi represented by colony-forming units, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMB_C), and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were determined across different sampling times. The results showed that the dissipation half-lives of acetochlor were, respectively, 2.8 and 3.4 days in the rhizosphere and bulk soil, and 0.02–0.07 μg/g residual acetochlor could be detected in the soil 40 days after its application. Compared to the bulk soil, microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil were inclined to be affected by the application of acetochlor: SMB_C content and bacterial growth were most likely to be increased; however, fungal growth was prone to be inhibited. The principal component analysis of PLFAs, as well as the comparisons of fungi/bacteria and cy17:0/C16:1ω9c ratios between different treatments over sampling time, revealed that the soil microbial community composition was significantly affected by acetochlor at its early application stage (at day 15); thereafter, the effects of acetochlor were attenuated or even could not be detected. Our results suggested that residual acetochlor did not confer a long-term impairment on viable bacterial groups in the rhizosphere and bulk soil.     

Gas/particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal atmosphere of the north Yellow Sea, China

Samples of gas- and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were collected at three sampling stations (Xiaomai Island, Laohutan, and Zhangzi Island) in the north Yellow Sea, China during November 2008 and September 2009 to study their atmospheric transport potential and the gas/particle distributions. The composition of PAHs was dominated by gaseous compounds. The percentages of the particle-phase PAHs to the total concentrations were found to be higher during the heating period than the non-heating period. The ratios of naphthalene and acenaphthene to phenanthrene, chrysene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene showed an increasing trend from Xiaomai Island to Zhangzi Island, which can be called as the local atmospheric distillation of PAHs. Gas/particle partitioning coefficients (K _p) and their relationship with the sub-cooled liquid vapor pressures (pº_L) of PAHs were investigated. The regressions of logK _p versus logpº_L gave significant correlations for all samples of the three sites with r ² values in the range 0.56–0.66 (p?<?0.01). Both Junge–Pankow adsorption model and octanol–air partition coefficient absorption model tended to underestimate the sorption for most PAHs, but the absorption model appeared to be more suitable for predicting the particle fraction of PAHs than the Junge–Pankow model.     

计算机技术在建筑火灾安全上的综合应用

为通过计算机技术低成本的、高效的、准确的解决建筑火灾安全问题,对计算机技术在建筑结构火灾安全上的综合应用进行研究,并以某一小学教学楼为例将应用成果进行展示。首先,通过FDS软件对该建筑某火灾场景进行了火场数值模拟。基于FDS的数据,利用RCFire程序进行了结构构件内部温度计算和结构火灾反应计算。最后,在Vega的虚拟现实平台上将构件内部温度和结构火灾反应的结果进行了动态图形展示,并实现了结构火灾反应的同步漫游。本文将建筑火场模拟技术、结构火灾反应计算技术和场景表现技术上综合应用到同一建筑上,形成了一个更为准确的结构火灾反应模拟系统,同时也为进一步的建筑火灾场景仿真奠定了基础。     

CAST工艺在制革废水处理中的应用

皮革生产企业由于污染严重,污水处理工艺简单、设备落后,最终出水各项指标超标,对环境造成严重污染。CAST工艺处理制革废水,反应条件在缺氧和厌氧之间变化,活性污泥通过酶的作用,不断经历高负荷的基质积累和低负荷的基质降解过程,迅速吸附降解污水中大部分可溶性有机物,抑制丝状菌的生长,有效地防止污泥膨胀,并达到脱氮、除磷的目的。运行结果表明,当进水BOD5为960~1250 mg/l,CODcr为2250~2780mg/l,出水达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)二级标准。     

基于ecopath模型对滆湖生态系统结构与功能的定量分析

根据2010年对江苏滆湖渔业资源和生态环境调查数据,采用Ecopath with Ecosim软件构建了滆湖生态系统的物质平衡ecopath模型,以期为在滆湖进行生态修复提供支持和指导。ecopath分析结果表明：2010年滆湖生态系统包含7个营养级,各功能组的有效营养级范围为1~3691,其营养物质流动主要发生在前4个营养级,占总流量的998%。系统总生产量为1 974.82 t/km2〖DK〗·a,总流量为8 562.544 t/km2〖DK〗·a,联结指数、系统杂食系数、Finn’s循环指数以及Finn’s平均路径长度分别为0219、0189、799和2841;生产量/呼吸量、生产量/生物量分别为2189和3509;平均捕捞营养级为256。食物链以开始于藻类的牧食食物链和开始于碎屑的碎屑食物链为主,系统总能量转换效率为64%。与滆湖1986～1989年的ecopath模型相比较,滆湖生态系统的总流量减小,r 对策者在系统中所占比例增加,K 对策者在系统中所占比例减小,根据Odum对成熟生态系统的描述,滆湖目前正处于退化演变过程中     

基于遥感的巢湖流域景观格局变化研究

以1989年、1999年、2009年3期6景LandsatTM/ETM遥感影像为数据源,采用分层分类、监督分类与人工目视纠错相结合的方法对巢湖流域土地利用景观类型信息进行分层提取,运用Fragstats软件分析流域内20 a间的景观格局变化,并研究其变化规律特征。结果表明：（1）巢湖流域1989~2009年建设用地增加38 380 hm2,动态度高达18％,耕地面积减少34 230 hm2,水体面积相对稳定,常绿林地增加40 350 hm2,落叶林地减少6 760 hm2,城镇建设用地的增加主要来源于农田和其他用地类型的转入。（2）近20 a间流域斑块个数(NP)与斑块密度(PD)呈现直线下降,下降率均约为22％,块形状指数(LSI)的下降率更加迅速,〖JP2〗约为28％,最大斑块指数(LPI)则表现出V字变化规律,聚合度指数(AI)呈稳步上升,说明景观变化受人类活动的影响越来越大。（3）从景观类型上看,2009年的斑块个数(NP)和斑块密度(PD)比1989年下降了近1/2,常绿林和其他用地的变化是主要因素;块形状指数(LSI)降低则是受农田和其他用地的影响所致。（4）伴随巢湖流域行政格局改变和经济快速发展,流域土地利用将发生巨大改变。研究成果将是新格局发展的背景记录,为今后巢湖流域社会经济发展规划提供科学的理论支撑     

油品储罐H_2S对铁锈腐蚀产物自燃性研究

为了分析有氧条件下H2S对铁锈腐蚀产物的自燃性,模拟含硫油品储罐中铁锈(Fe2O3:75%;Fe(OH)3:7%;Fe3O4:18%)在有氧条件下与H2S气体的反应试验。将铁锈与H2S气体、O2按不同比例混合形成的混合物进行反应,再进行所得产物的氧化反应。采用X射线衍射分析法鉴定混合气体与铁锈的反应产物,并研究不同初始O2体积分数下的混合气体与铁锈的反应及其产物的再氧化反应,通过温度变化评价铁锈与H2S气体反应产物的自燃性。结果表明,在有氧条件下,H2S对铁锈腐蚀产物主要是FeS;随着初始O2体积分数的增加,铁锈与H2S的反应伴随其产物的氧化反应,HS对铁锈腐蚀产物的量减小,这种产物再氧化自燃性降低。