Investigation of indoor environmental quality in Shanghai metro stations, China

A field study was carried out in Shanghai metro stations to gather and evaluate information about the real environment. The thermal environment and particulate matter levels were monitored in this study. The mean thermal sensation vote in metro stations was 0.91, and the mean thermal neutral temperature was 20.6°C. Although 92.1% of subjects voted that the thermal environment was acceptable, the condition of air quality in Shanghai metro stations was not good. The mean levels of PM1.0, PM2.5, and PM10 were 0.231 ± 0.152, 0.287 ± 0.177, and 0.366 ± 0.193 mg/m³, respectively. The contribution of PM1.0 to PM2.5 and PM2.5 to PM10 was up to 79% and 76%, respectively. This means that fine particles or ultrafine particles constituted the preponderant part of metro station particulate matter.     

上海水体中抗生素抗性基因的分布特征

为研究上海市水体中抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic Resistance Genes,ARGs)的污染状况和分布特征,采集17个不同地段的水样,进行了耐药菌和ARGs丰度的检测。结果表明,水中磺胺嘧啶类耐药菌、氨苄青霉素类耐药菌、环丙沙星类耐药菌、氯霉素类耐药菌的耐药率分别为14.81%~94.55%、0~46.60%、0~91.07%、0~87.5%。养殖场周围河流总耐药菌量普遍高于非养殖场周围河流。非养殖场周围水体和养殖场周围水体中抗生素抗性基因sul1、amp R、qnr S、cml A均被检出。定量PCR的检测结果表明,非养殖场周围水体和养殖场周围水体中氯霉素类抗性基因含量最高,其次为磺胺类抗性基因,养殖场周围水体抗生素抗性基因含量普遍高于非养殖场周围水体。抗生素抗性基因sul1、amp R、qnr S、cml A的含量与微生物、温度、悬浮物等影响因素显著性相关(p0.05),表明在水环境中这些影响因子对抗生素抗性基因的分布影响较大。     

纳米铁与微生物联合去除地下水中的NO_3~--N

采用实验模拟装置考察油酸包覆型纳米铁、反硝化细菌及其组合方法处理地下水NO-3-N效果与反应产物的变化特征。结果表明,在模拟地下水溶解氧(0.50 mg/L)、温度(15℃)和黑暗环境中,2 g油酸包覆型纳米铁与70 mg/L NO-3-N反应,11 d后NO-3-N去除率为86.4%,其中74.7%的还原产物为NH+4-N,1.7%为NO-2-N,N2生成量仅占10%;反硝化细菌体系中,反应6 d后NO-3-N去除率为78.6%,此时未检测到NH+4-N,而NO-2-N达到最大值,为60.1%,仅有18.5%的N2生成;在油酸包覆型纳米铁-反硝化细菌耦合体系中,6 d后NO-3-N去除率达到80.3%,其中NH+4-N占17.6%,NO-2-N为30.1%,N2为32.6%。因此,比较3种材料对NO-3-N降解效果及产物得出,在地下水环境中,油酸包覆型纳米铁-反硝化细菌组合方法对地下水NO-3-N的去除效果最好,产物主要是N2,减少了还原产物NH+4-N对地下水造成的二次污染。     

硫自养高氯酸盐还原菌培养与驯化

考察了以污水处理厂的好氧污泥作为接种污泥,以S0作为电子供体培养驯化硫自养高氯酸盐还原菌的过程,并利用PCR-DGGE技术对不同阶段的污泥样品进行群落分析。结果表明,接种污泥在经过短暂的适应期后能具有较高的还原ClO-4的性能,随着驯化时间的延长,降解速率显著提高。培养驯化过程中微生物种群结构发生了演替变化,菌种Dechloromonas sp.CL、Quadrisphaera granulorum、Comamonadaceae bacterium 32-4、Acidovorax caeni、filamentous bacterium Plant1Iso8、Candidatus Nitrospira defluvii存在整个驯化培养阶段。随着培养驯化时间的延长,菌种Bacteroidetes bacterium S22-33、Herbaspirillum huttiense逐渐消失,出现新菌种Methyloversatilis universalis、beta proteobacterium HTCC379、beta proteobacterium CDB21和Clostridium bifermentans,并逐渐成为优势菌种。     

Microsatellite variation and significant population genetic structure of endangered finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in Chinese coastal waters and the Yangtze River

The finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) inhabits a wide range of tropical and temperate waters of the Indo-Pacific region. Genetic structure of finless porpoises in Chinese waters in three regions (Yangtze River, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea) was analyzed, including the Yangtze finless porpoise which is widely known because of its highly endangered status and unusual adaptation to freshwater. To assist in conservation and management of this species, ten microsatellite loci were used to genotype 125 individuals from the three regions. Contrary to the low genetic diversity revealed in previous mtDNA control region sequence analyses, relatively high levels of genetic variation in microsatellite profiles (H _E = 0.732–0.795) were found. Bayesian clustering analysis suggested that finless porpoises in Chinese waters could be described as three distinct genetic groups, which corresponded well to population “units” (populations, subspecies, or species) delimited in earlier studies, based on morphological variation, distribution, and genetic analyses. Genetic differentiation between regions was significant, with F _ST values ranging from 0.07 to 0.137. Immigration rates estimated using a Bayesian method and population ancestry analyses suggested no or very limited gene flow among regional types, even in the area of overlap between types. These results strongly support the classification of porpoises in these regions into distinct evolutionarily significant units, including at least two separate species, and therefore they should be treated as different management units in the design and implementation of conservation programmes.     

WNS型燃气蒸汽锅炉管板（管口）泄漏原因分析

某医院有两台WNS10-1.25-Y/Q燃气锅炉,连续发生多次回燃室前管板烟管管口泄漏故障,分析了缺陷产生的原因,并提出了解决方法。在长期交变热应力作用下,烟管管口角焊缝熔合线区域产生内部微裂纹,微裂纹在交变热应力（断口分析的形貌为韧窝）的作用下逐步扩展,形成内部宏观（金相检验时发现了多条内部裂纹,且裂纹走向是平行于烟管轴向的方向）,裂纹沿着轴向向烟管前后端扩展,最终扩展到管端,并穿透管壁,导致锅炉汽水从裂口泄漏。     

外来植物紫茎泽兰入侵对根际土壤有益功能细菌群、酶活性和肥力的影响

通过对紫茎泽兰不同入侵阶段下的实地采样,分析了外来入侵植物紫茎泽兰对入侵地根际土壤有益微生物菌群和土壤酶活性以及肥力的影响。发现除了全磷、全钾以外,重度入侵土壤的功能菌数量、酶活性、土壤肥力都要显著高于其它土壤区系。根际土中有机磷细菌差异最显著,其重度入侵土中的含量是轻度入侵土中含量的3.0倍,是当地植物土中含量的1.8倍,是空白地区含量的22.2倍。同时,土壤微生物类群、土壤酶活与土壤肥力的相关分析表明,它们之间存在显著相关关系,自生固氮菌与全氮相关性最明显,为0.922。外来植物对入侵地的影响是其入侵力和生态系统可入侵性的重要组成部分,紫茎泽兰入侵提高了土壤功能菌种群和土壤酶活,从而使土壤肥力也发生了相应的变化,这可能促进其养分转化吸收,提高种群竞争力。本文为紫茎泽兰成功入侵的土壤微生物学机制提供理论依据。     

基于PSR和云理论的农用地生态环境评价——以广东省新兴县为例

论文采用PSR框架构建评价指标体系,利用云理论分别构建定量指标与定性指标的云模型,对农用地生态环境进行评价。以广东省新兴县为例,得出新兴县农用地生态环境分值为0.75,农用地生态环境良好。并将云理论与模糊规则进行对比,得出新兴县农用地生态环境分值分别为0.75和0.70,两者结果差异不大,但是结果表明云理论能完整表达评价问题中的不确定性,避免模糊规则中隶属度函数确定繁琐的问题。     

填料塔-微乳液增溶吸收法净化甲苯废气

利用甲苯可以和非离子表面活性剂及相应助表面活性剂水溶液形成微乳液,从而增大甲苯表观溶解度的特性,吸收净化甲苯废气。采用微乳液作为吸收剂的填料塔治理甲苯废气,探讨了吸收剂组成、表面活性剂种类及浓度、喷淋量、甲苯浓度负荷和助表面活性剂的加入及其种类对甲苯去除率的影响。结果表明,微乳液吸收处理甲苯废气具有显著的效果,最大去除率达41%;经过体系筛选采用Tween-20作为表面活性剂,此时最适喷淋量为40 L/h(液气比为1∶5),且随着甲苯浓度负荷的升高,甲苯去除率随之增加;添加助表面活性剂可以不同程度地提高甲苯的去除率,Tween-20/正丁胺/甲苯/水微乳体系为吸收甲苯的最佳体系,此时最高去除率可达65%。     

重金属钼的迁移特性及人工湿地处理研究

针对重金属钼污染的面源性及重金属传统处理工艺的一些弊端,综合国内外人工湿地治理重金属污染研究现状,提出了用人工湿地治理重金属钼污染的构思。环境中重金属钼主要来源于钼尾矿中辉钼矿的氧化而淋滤释放的MoO42-。由于土壤和水体中酸碱和氧化还原环境的差异,钼的存在形态具有易变特征,并影响着钼的迁移过程。基于钼迁移特征的研究成果,本文从植物、基质、微生物三方面对人工湿地处理钼污染进行了系统的分析。结论表明,人工湿地处理重金属钼具有一定的应用价值,为我国人工湿地治理重金属钼污染的研究开展以及实际工程应用提供理论支持。