深圳冬季霾日的大气污染特征

2009年1月10日─2月16日,利用在线仪器获得深圳市冬季大气中气态污染物和PM₁主要化学组分的高时间分辨率数据,结合气象条件,对非霾日、霾日的大气污染物和PM₁主要化学组分浓度水平及其日变化特征进行了研究. 结果表明:深圳冬季霾日除O₃外,其他气态污染物和PM₁主要化学组分的平均质量浓度均明显高于非霾日,增幅均在40%以上;PM₁中的有机物是深圳冬季霾的首要污染因子;PM₁主要化学组分的日变化趋势不尽相同,但总体上表现出霾日高于非霾日的特征,尤其是午夜至清晨时段,这说明深圳冬季霾日的夜间大气扩散能力显著减弱.      

Birds defend oil palms from herbivorous insects.

Top-down forces are expected to be important in regulating herbivore populations in most agricultural systems where primary productivity is high and species diversity is low. Under such conditions, trophic cascades are predicted to occur when predator populations are reduced or removed. Studies on how predator removal indirectly affects herbivory rates in agricultural systems are lacking. Through a bird-exclosure experiment, I test the hypothesis that insectivorous birds indirectly defend oil palms (Elaeis guineensis) from herbivorous insects. Results show that bird exclusion significantly increased herbivory damage to oil palms, and that the size of this exclusion effect increased with bird density, although the latter result was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that insectivorous birds deliver a natural pest control service for oil palm agriculture, which is important not only for the direct benefits it delivers for human welfare, but also in strengthening the economic justifications for conserving the remaining natural habitats and biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.     

区域管制在实现国家资源安全过程中的作用研究

本文分析了国家资源安全的特点 ,提出区域管制是实现国家资源安全的重要手段。认为建立资源市场 ,对自然资源进行资产化管理 ,制定资源开发利用技术标准 ,实行资源开发许可审批制度 ,采取激励政策 ,建立安全押金制度是实现国家资源安全的重要途径     

A technical and economic comparison of biofiltration and wet chemical oxidation (scrubbing) for odor control at wastewater treatment plants

An economic and technical comparison of two odor control systems, a biofilter and a chemical wet scrubber, was conducted over a 1-year time period at a large municipal wastewater treatment plant. The biofilter system was designed to remove hydrogen sulfide gas and other oxidizable sewage odors from four covered gravity sludge thickeners, a gravity sludge thickener effluent channel and an influent splitter box for the gravity sludge thickeners. The sodium hypochlorite/sodium hydroxide wet scrubber was designed to control hydrogen sulfide gas and other oxidizable sewage odors from the covered primary settling tanks, influent distribution channels and effluent channel, and the mixing tank effluent channel. The technical comparison comprised their overall removal rates and efficiencies based on inlet H₂S concentrations and other operating variables. The economic comparison was designed to provide the cost per cubic meter of H₂S removed for each system. Influent and effluent gas samples were collected on a weekly basis. H₂S concentration levels were determined through the use of gas chromatography with a flame photometric detector. The results showed that the H₂S inlet gas concentration has a seasonal change with a maximum value occurring in August and September. The effluent H₂S concentration was lower than 2 ppm_v for both systems for most of the samples. The efficiency for both the biofilter and wet scrubber was above 95%, and was related to the operating and ambient conditions. The economic comparison revealed that the actual unit cost for the biofilter was higher than for the wet scrubber (U.S.160 /m < SUP > 3 < /SUP > H < SUB > 2 < /SUB > S removed versus U.S.160 /m³ H₂S removed versus U.S.131 /m³ H₂S removed). For both the biofilter and the wet scrubber, the investment costs are affected by the size/scale of the system, the design flow and other factors. For these systems, the mulch change costs, chemical usage costs, maintenance costs and power usage costs were mainly dependent on the actual odor gas loadings which showed substantial seasonal fluctuations as a function of the seasonal temperature. The worst case conditions reported here indicate that the H₂S concentrations generated during the summer months should be used to determine the design load.     

火灾报警系统可靠性数字仿真软件研究

介绍了火灾报警系统可靠性数字仿真原理和软件设计方法，并举出了运行实例，证明数字仿真技术在火灾报警系统可靠性分析方面具有良好的应用前景。     

Biodegradation of 2-naphthol and its metabolites by coupling Aspergillus niger with Bacillus subtilis

To explore biodegradation of 2-naphthol and its metabolites accumulated in wastewater treatment, a series of bio-degradation experiments were conducted. Two main metabolites of 2-naphthol, 1,2-naphthalene-diol and 1,2-naphthoquinone, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography with standards. Combining fungus Aspergillus niger with bacterium Bacillus subtilis in the treatment enhanced 2-naphthol degradation e ciency, lowered the accumulation of the two toxic metabolites. There were two main phases during the degradation process by the kinetic analysis: 2-naphthol was first partly degraded by the fungus, producing labile and easily accumulated metabolites, and then the metabolites were mainly degraded by the bacterium, attested by the degradation processes of 1,2-naphthalene-diol and 1,2-naphthoquinone as sole source of carbon and energy. Sodium succinate, as a co-metabolic substrate, was the most suitable compound for the continuous degradation. The optimum concentration of 2-naphthol was 50 mg/L. The overall 2-naphthol degradation rate was 92%, and the CODCr removal rate was 80% on day 10. These results indicated that high degradation rate of 2-naphthol should not be considered as the sole desirable criterion for the bioremediation of 2-naphtholcontaminated soils/wastewater.     

对浑河沈阳城区段水体“休养生息”的探讨

结合“休养生息”内含,探讨了浑河沈阳城区段水体“休养生息的”的必要性及意义。通过对现有法律、法规的进一步完善,强化准入制度,把“休养生息的”制度化、法律化;通过采用污水处理厂建设,实施雨污分流及生态恢复等措施,达到浑河沈阳城区段水体“休养生息的”的目的。     

象山港海域污染物总量控制研究

以行政区划为计划单元,结合当地的社会经济发展现状及规划,对象山港海域污染物排放进行总量控制和排放指标额度优化分配,使得象山港海域污染物总量控制研究更具可操作性.研究结果表明,在COD各源强中,水土流失源、畜禽养殖源保持不变,生活源和工业源按一定比例增长,只有奉化、宁海区域海水养殖源需要削减,且削减后的COD源强(容量分配额度)亦能满足该区域今后海水养殖发展的需求,而北仑、鄞州和象山其他3个区域的海水养殖容量分配值则有较大的剩余空间,故在不超过总源强(海水养殖未使用全部源强)的前提下,工业、生活等COD源强可在优化结果的基础上适度增加,从而实现象山港及其周边陆域资源、环境和经济目标的最大化.     

泰来县医疗废物现状调查及防治对策

对泰来县医疗废物的产生量,处理现状进行了调查分析,针对存在的问题,提出了切实可行的污染防治对策。     

焦化废水中降解酚优势菌漆酶活性研究

本实验选取哈依煤气反应器内的活性污泥沉降物作为菌源,以邻甲基酚做为唯一碳源,分离纯化得菌株Enterobacter sp.j11,测定酚浓度、温度、pH值及同酚浓度下的时间变化对于菌株产漆酶活性的影响。结果表明：温度35℃～40℃、pH6.5～7.5、酚800 mg/L条件下菌株生长状态佳,酶活性高;酚浓度一定800 mg/L时,测定了24 h内漆酶随时间的变化,得知菌株8 h后即适应高酚条件。说明该菌株适应能力强、产漆酶稳定。