氯代苯化合物的毒性分析

文章对氯代苯化合物的性质作了系统的论述,并对其毒性进行了研究。通过对氯代苯化合物辛醇——水分配系数的估算分析了氯代苯化合物的毒性与取代基数目的关系,利用二氯代苯对冬小麦、油菜的致死浓度和半致死浓度分析了其毒性与取代基位置的关系。结果表明,氯代苯的毒性随苯环上氢原子被氯原子取代个数的增加而加大。在苯环上氢原子被取代的个数相同时,毒性与氢原子被取代的位置有关,邻位最大,间位次之,对位最小。最后就氯代苯化合物对水生生物、高等动物以及人体的毒性进行了重点分析。     

Complete catalytic oxidation of o-xylene over CeO2 nanocubes

The activities of CeO2 nanocubes calcined at di erent temperatures were tested for catalytic oxidation of o-xylene. Using CeO2 nanocubes as catalysts, complete catalytic oxidation of o-xylene was achieved below 210°C. The CeO2 nanomaterials were characterized by means of BET, X-ray di raction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). From the TEM images, all CeO2 nanocubes displayed cubic morphology irrespective of calcination temperature. The HRTEM images revealed that these nanocubes were enclosed by reactive f001g planes, which may contribute to the intrinsically catalytic property of o-xylene oxidation. The higher activity of CeO2 nanocubes calcined at 550°C than those calcined at above 550°C was attributed to their smaller crystallite size and larger surface area. The influences of reaction conditions were also studied, which found that a higher reaction temperature was necessary for complete catalytic oxidation of o-xylene at higher weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) and o-xylene concentration.     

中国、印度及环境

——中印合作可以降低生物多样性损失、减轻气候变化并减少森林砍伐。中国和印度这两个新兴的世界经济大国将对21世纪世界环境发挥重要甚至主导作用。在未来几年内,两国的经济增长率预期将维持8%～9%。在世界很多国家出现经济危机情况下,中印两国2009年仍实现了国内生产总值高增长(中国:8.4%,印度:6.2%,世     

CeO2 doping boosted low-temperature NH3-SCR activity of FeTiOx catalyst: A microstructure analysis and reaction mechanistic study

• CeO₂ doping significantly improved low-temperature NH₃-SCR activity on FeTiO_x. • The crystallinity of FeTiO_x was decreased dramatically after CeO₂ doping. • Unique Ce-O-Fe structure in FeCe_0.2TiO_x accounted for its superior redox property. • Facile activation of NH₃ to-NH₂ on FeCe_0.2TiO_x promoted the DeNO_x efficiency. FeTiO_x has been recognized as an environmental-friendly and cost-effective catalyst for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x with NH₃. Aimed at further improving the low-temperature DeNO_x efficiency of FeTiO_x catalyst, a simple strategy of CeO₂ doping was proposed. The low-temperature (<250℃) NH₃-SCR activity of FeTiO_x catalyst could be dramatically enhanced by CeO₂ doping, and the optimal composition of the catalyst was confirmed as FeCe_0.2TiO_x, which performed a NO_x conversion of 90% at ca. 200℃. According to X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS) analysis, FeCe_0.2TiO_x showed low crystallinity, with Fe and Ce species well mixed with each other. Based on the fitting results of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), a unique Ce-O-Fe structure was formed in FeCe_0.2TiO_x catalyst. The well improved specific surface area and the newly formed Ce-O-Fe structure dramatically contributed to the improvement of the redox property of FeCe_0.2TiO_x catalyst, which was well confirmed by H₂-temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) and in situ XAFS experiments. Such enhanced redox capability could benefit the activation of NO and NH₃ at low temperatures for NO_x removal. The detailed reaction mechanism study further suggested that the facile oxidative dehydrogenation of NH₃ to highly reactive-NH₂ played a key role in enhancing the low-temperature NH₃-SCR performance of FeCe_0.2TiO_x catalyst.     

医院COVID-19病区SARS-CoV-2病毒的环境污染及原因探讨

采用4种空气气溶胶采样器,在某收治新冠肺炎患者的传染病医院COVID-19病区采集空气气溶胶样本46份,其中1份样本中SARS-CoV-2呈弱阳性。用无菌拭子采集病区空调及通风系统表面灰尘样本12份,其中1份样本中SARS-CoV-2呈弱阳性。研究结果表明,SARS-CoV-2存在于医院病区空气和部分通风系统物体表面,病毒有通过气溶胶短距离传播的风险,医护人员应加强个人防护,严格执行感染预防与控制措施,降低医院内部环境交叉感染的风险。     

Surface water treatment benefits from the presence of algae: Influence of algae on the coagulation behavior of polytitanium chloride

• Emerging titanium coagulation was high-efficient for algae-laden water treatment. • Polytitanium coagulation was capable for both algae and organic matter removal. • Surface water purification was improved by around 30% due to algae inclusion. • Algae functioned as flocculant aid to assist polytitanium coagulation. • Algae could enhance charge neutralization capability of polytitanium coagulant. Titanium-based coagulation has proved to be effective for algae-laden micro-polluted water purification processes. However, the influence of algae inclusion in surface water treatment by titanium coagulation is barely reported. This study reports the influence of both Microcystis aeruginosa and Microcystis wesenbergii in surface water during polytitanium coagulation. Jar tests were performed to evaluate coagulation performance using both algae-free (controlled) and algae-laden water samples, and floc properties were studied using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer for online monitoring. Results show that polytitanium coagulation can be highly effective in algae separation, removing up to 98% from surface water. Additionally, the presence of algae enhanced organic matter removal by up to 30% compared to controlled water containing only organic matter. Polytitanium coagulation achieved significant removal of fluorescent organic materials and organic matter with a wide range of molecular weight distribution (693–4945 Da) even in the presence of algae species in surface water. The presence of algae cells and/or algal organic matter is likely to function as an additional coagulant or flocculation aid, assisting polytitanium coagulation through adsorption and bridging effects. Although the dominant coagulation mechanisms with polytitanium coagulant were influenced by the coagulant dosage and initial solution pH, algae species in surface water could enhance the charge neutralization capability of the polytitanium coagulant. Algae-rich flocs were also more prone to breakage with strength factors approximately 10% lower than those of algae-free flocs. Loose structure of the flocs will require careful handling of the flocs during coagulation-sedimentation-filtration processes.     

豆渣对水中Cd2+和Zn2+的吸附

研究了新型生物吸附剂豆渣对水中Cd^2＋和Zn^2＋的吸附机制和吸附能力;分析了吸附时间、溶液pH、豆渣质量浓度和重金属离子质量浓度对重金属离子去除效果的影响。豆渣对Cd^2＋和Zn^2＋的吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附方程。在Cd^2＋溶液和Zn^2＋溶液的pH分别为6．0和7．0、质量浓度为50mg／L、豆渣质量浓度为10．0g／L的条件下,吸附12h,Cd^2＋和Zn^2＋的去除率分别为96．O％和89．4％。通过Langmuir吸附等温线模拟,得出豆渣对Cd^2＋和Zn^2＋的最大吸附量分别为19．61mg／g和11．11mg／g。     

嵊泗地区大气PM2.5中汞形态污染及其与碳组分的关系

2014年11月~2015年8月在舟山群岛嵊泗岛上设定采样点采集了4个不同季节的大气PM_(2.5)样品.采用微波消解-原子荧光光度法测定了颗粒物中汞及其不同形态,采用热/光碳分析仪分析样品中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC).结果表明,嵊泗岛上大气PM_(2.5)中总汞(PBM)的质量浓度范围为0.02~1.25 ng·m-3,而单位质量颗粒物中汞的含量为(12.46±18.79)μg·g-1,比陆地城市PM_(2.5)的汞含量偏高.ANOVA分析结果表明,PBM的季节变化规律为:秋季春季冬季夏季.春秋季节汞的质量浓度较高,这表明春秋季节嵊泗地区的汞可能受到外来输送的影响.此外,大气PM_(2.5)中不同形态汞的分析结果表明,惰性汞(RPM)的比例最高,占53.1%.OC、EC均与PBM显示出明显的正相关性,表明碳组分有利于汞的气-粒转化.由于OC/EC比值间接反映了大气光氧化能力的高低,而OC/EC与可溶盐酸汞(HPM)呈显著正相关,这说明高浓度HPM主要来自于大气中的气-粒转化.char-EC/soot-EC与形态汞呈现显著负相关,表明嵊泗地区的大气颗粒汞主要受外界源输入的影响.     

三峡库区消落带土壤对Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附特征

以三峡库区消落带紫色土为对象,采用平衡吸附法研究了Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)在紫色土中的吸附特征,分析了紫色土对重金属的吸附能力.结果表明:(1)随着加入Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)浓度增高,紫色土对Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附量增大,碱性紫色土对Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附量最高分别为1499.5 mg.kg-1、2845.4 mg.kg-1;(2)土壤中有Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)的专性吸附位点,在两者共存的条件下存在竞争吸附,Cu(Ⅱ)的竞争吸附能力大于Zn(Ⅱ),其各自的最大吸附量小于单一离子条件下的吸附量,碱性、中性、酸性紫色土Cu(Ⅱ)最大吸附量的下降幅度分别是14.5%、15.2%、15.9%,Zn(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量下降幅度分别为31.7%、28.1%、25.7%;(3)共存阳离子类型及浓度影响紫色土有效Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)含量,随着阳离子的加入,碱性紫色土的有效Cu(Ⅱ)含量增加,酸性紫色土减少,而3种紫色土的有效Zn(Ⅱ)含量均增加.消落带土壤淹水后,水体中Cu(Ⅱ)及其他阳离子的存在使土壤对Zn(Ⅱ)的吸附力降低,造成Zn(Ⅱ)污染的环境风险增加.     

永定河上游张家口地区主要河流污染物来源解析

运用内梅罗污染指数评价法对永定河上游张家口地区主要河流水质进行定量评价,在多元统计分析方法的基础上,结合产业结构与布局对其污染物来源进行解析。结果表明:(1)2013—2016年,永定河上游主要河流水质逐渐改善,但仍存在水污染问题,主要超标的水质指标为TP和氟化物,超标率分别为28.24%和22.59%。(2)空间聚类分析发现,洋河中下游断面鸡鸣驿、响水铺和八号桥,水污染相对较严重;清水河上游断面北泵房和洋河上游断面左卫,水污染较轻;桑干河断面石匣里、温泉屯、小渡口和清水河下游断面老鸦庄,水质清洁。(3)洋河中下游污染物来源于工业污染和城市生活污水,清水河下游和桑干河污染物来源于农业面源污染、畜禽养殖污染和有机物污染,洋河上游和清水河上游污染物来源于农业面源污染和生活污水。