泥磷液相催化氧化氮氧化物

采用磷化工行业的固体废物泥磷液相催化氧化氮氧化物。实验结果表明,该方法是可行且有效的。随着温度的升高,泥磷吸收液的脱硝效率提高,当温度达到泥磷熔点时脱硝效率最佳。泥磷吸收液的脱硝效率随固液比的增大而有所下降,而随着NO体积分数和气体流量的增大,泥磷吸收液的脱硝效率呈先升后降的趋势。各因素对脱硝率的影响大小顺序为：气体流量>反应温度>固液比>NO体积分数。在反应温度60 ℃、固液比1∶4、NO体积分数0.03%、气体流量0.3 L/min的最佳工艺条件下,反应160 min的平均脱硝率可达97.38%。     

Isolation and identification of potential fungal species for spent engine lubrication oil remediation in Peninsular Malaysia

Improper disposal and spills of spent engine oil into the environment can result in contamination, which eventually affects humans through the food chain. Mycoremediation is an effective and inexpensive alternative to clean up spent engine oil contamination. In recent work, the potential effectiveness of fungi for degrading spent engine oil was confirmed, with the species identified through molecular identification. Fungi that were able to grow in Bushnell Haas Broth supplied with spent engine oil were identified with the potential to utilize spent engine oil as a carbon source. Six species of fungi namely Penicillium simplicissimum, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Aspergillus ustus, and Aspergillus flavus were successfully identified in this study. Over a course of seven days, P. simplicissimum (21.11 percent) was identified as the most effective fungi in degrading spent engine oil, followed by A. nidulans (17.75 percent), A. niger (15.85 percent), T. longibrachiatum (15.12 percent), A. ustus (15.02 percent), and A. flavus (11.80 percent). As these species of fungi were isolated from the natural environment in Peninsular Malaysia, the potential of using these fungi as mycoremediation of spent engine oil was therefore confirmed.     

长江中上游圆口铜鱼群体遗传结构研究

为科学地开展圆口铜鱼人工繁殖和增殖放流等保护工作,研究采用9个四碱基重复的圆口铜鱼（Coreius guichenoti）微卫星标记,对采自宜昌、三峡库区、宜宾、永善、巧家、攀枝花6个江段的199尾圆口铜鱼样本的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析。依照采样点不同将圆口铜鱼分成6个群体,研究结果显示,9个微卫星标记均具有较高的多态性,各群体遗传多样性水平较高。AMOVA显示6个群体并未达到显著遗传分化水平。Structure分析将6个群体分为2组,三峡库区群体中部分个体与宜宾群体中部分个体为一组,其他为另一组。分子方差分析（AMOVA）结果与Structure分析结果间存在一定差异,可能原因在于AMOVA结果是将每个群体作为一个整体来显示的,而Structure分析结果是将每个群体按照个体数所占比例来显示的。因此,为避免遗传背景污染事件的发生,进行圆口铜鱼人工繁殖的遗传管理,分析比较放流群体和野生群体的遗传结构是必须的     

Combined effect of boundary layer recirculation factor and stable energy on local air quality in the Pearl River Delta over southern China

Atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) has a significant impact on the spatial and temporal distribution of air pollutants. In order to gain a better understanding of how ABL affects the variation of air pollutants, atmospheric boundary layer observations were performed at Sanshui in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region over southern China during the winter of 2013. Two types of typical ABL status that could lead to air pollution were analyzed comparatively: weak vertical diffusion ability type (WVDAT) and weak horizontal transportation ability type (WHTAT). Results show that (1) WVDAT was featured by moderate wind speed, consistent wind direction, and thick inversion layer at 600~1000 m above ground level (AGL), and air pollutants were restricted in the low altitudes due to the stable atmospheric structure; (2) WHTAT was characterized by calm wind, varied wind direction, and shallow intense ground inversion layer, and air pollutants accumulated in locally because of strong recirculation in the low ABL; (3) recirculation factor (RF) and stable energy (SE) were proved to be good indicators for horizontal transportation ability and vertical diffusion ability of the atmosphere, respectively. Combined utilization of RF and SE can be very helpful in the evaluation of air pollution potential of the ABL.

Implications: Air quality data from ground and meteorological data collected from radio sounding in Sanshui in the Pearl River Delta showed that local air quality was poor when wind reversal was pronounced or temperature stratification state was stable. The combination of horizontal and vertical transportation ability of the local atmosphere should be taken into consideration when evaluating local environmental bearing capacity for air pollution.     

基于CVM调查法评估城市公共绿地服务价值 ——以西部省会城市为例

随着人口增长和城市化程度越来越高,作为城市土地利用类型之一的公共绿地往往最容易被改变性质和用途。开展城市公共绿地价值评估,是当前城市规划、绿地保护与建设中迫切需要解决的问题。通过梳理西部城市群中典型的甘青宁3个省会城市的公共绿地存在的主要问题,并采用CVM调查法评估城市公共绿地的服务价值。研究表明：兰州市城市公共绿地提供的生态服务总价值约为 3 324~3 761 万元之间,西宁、银川两市因城市规模相对较小,城市公共绿地提供的生态服务总价值较兰州市略低;分析社会因素对支付意愿的影响,得出职业、收入、性别等变量对支付意愿的正向影响作用较大;比较单位公共绿地面积的生态服务价值产出可以发现,兰州市单位公共绿地面积的生态服务价值产出最高约为1.57~1.77元/m²,兰州市城市公共绿地的生态服务价值产出效率较高。     

有色冶金区土壤-蔬菜系统重金属污染特征及健康风险分析

采用对应采样方法研究大冶有色冶炼厂周围地区土壤、蔬菜中Cd、Cu、Pb和As的含量,并对蔬菜重金属污染状况、富集能力及健康风险进行了分析。结果表明,研究区土壤重金属污染严重,Cd、Cu、Pb和As平均含量分别达5.28、193.37、93.83和36.56 mg/kg,分别为湖北省对应元素土壤背景值的31.06、6.30、3.51和2.97倍,表现为以Cd为主的多种重金属共同污染。与《食品中污染物限量》(GB2762-2012)标准比较,蔬菜中Cd和Cu含量的样本超标率分别为68%和6%,而As、Pb的含量均不超标。蔬菜中重金属富集能力的排序为:CdCuAsPb,叶菜类蔬菜对Cd、Cu、Pb和As的富集系数均高于非叶菜类蔬菜。土壤和蔬菜重金属综合质量指数达10.07,为重度污染。研究区人群通过蔬菜摄入As、Cd的目标危险系数均大于1,存在As、Cd暴露的健康风险;成人和儿童食用蔬菜而摄入重金属的TTHQ分别为2.11~5.06和2.78~6.64,儿童比成人遭受的健康风险更大,并且距离冶炼厂越近,所遭受的健康风险越大。蔬菜中重金属的复合污染已使大冶有色冶炼厂周围居民面临潜在的健康风险。     

乡镇居民点规模—功能系统耦合协调发展研究——以重庆市潼南区为例

借鉴耦合理论,建立了乡镇居民点规模-功能耦合系统,以潼南区为案例,采用熵权法、耦合协调度评价和空间集聚分析等方法,对2014年潼南区22个乡镇居民点规模-功能的耦合协调发展状态进行评价。研究发现,经济规模是乡镇居民点规模的主要决定因素。第三产业是影响居民点生产功能的主要因素,教育医疗则是影响生活功能的主要因素,建成区绿化面积是影响居民点生态功能的主要因素。潼南区乡镇居民点规模-功能耦合协调发展水平在空间上具有明显的单核结构特征,区域发展具有较大的不平衡性。大部分乡镇规模-功能耦合处于拮抗状态,规模滞后状态,规模、功能建设发展都处于低水平状态。应当积极培育县城以外的区域次级增长中心,以缩小区域发展的不平衡性。在村镇居民点的规划中,应重视居民点经济规模的地位与作用,以求更为合理的预测居民点规模,并规划建设居民点功能。     

六价铬诱导的肝细胞线粒体依赖性凋亡中VDAC1的作用

铬(chromium)是一种在工业生产过程中广泛使用的重金属,进入人体后可导致急慢性中毒,具有神经毒性、基因毒性、致癌性和免疫毒性。了解六价铬(hexavalent chromium,Cr(Ⅵ))的细胞毒性,进一步探究Cr(Ⅵ)的毒作用机制,可为防治Cr(Ⅵ)对人群健康的损害提供实验依据。电压依赖性阴离子通道蛋白1(voltage-dependent anion channel-1,VDAC1)参与调控线粒体外膜通透性,影响细胞凋亡;同时VDAC1也是BCL-2家族的重要结合位点,它可与BAX/BAK相互作用形成孔道,使线粒体内的凋亡相关蛋白,如细胞色素C等,进入胞浆,引起细胞凋亡。但VDAC1影响细胞凋亡的确切路径与分子机制,目前尚未完全研究清楚。使用L02人正常肝细胞作为实验对象,通过慢病毒包装法建立VDAC1低表达细胞系,检测在相同浓度Cr(Ⅵ)处理的条件下,与非染毒组相比,不同受试细胞的生存率、凋亡情况、活性氧簇(reactive oxygen species,ROS)生成量、线粒体功能和凋亡诱导因子(AIF)的变化情况是否存在差异。结果表明,与VDAC1正常表达的细胞相比,VDAC1低表达组在Cr(Ⅵ)染毒的情况下,细胞生存率升高,凋亡率下降,细胞内ROS生成量减少,MPTP活性增加不明显,胞浆内细胞色素C(Cytochrome C,Cyt C)和AIF含量降低。上述研究结果表明VDAC1参与了由六价铬诱导的线粒体依赖性肝细胞凋亡,并且抑制VDAC1的表达可减轻因Cr(Ⅵ)暴露而引起的L02肝细胞损伤。     

An investigation of a heat pump system using CO2/propane mixture as a working fluid

In order to decrease the heat rejection pressure of heat pump using pure working fluid, CO₂ or R744, other natural component including hydrocarbons (R290, R600a, R600, R1270, R170, R601) and dimethyl ether (RE170) is added to CO₂, respectively, and then six binary mixtures are achieved. By environmental and thermodynamic comparisons, R290 is selected to be the most appropriate component candidate to mix with CO₂, and meanwhile to weaken the flammability and explosivity for pure R290. Then, the system performances of heat pump using mixture of CO₂ and R290 were experimentally studied when R290 is added to CO₂ with a small fraction, and compared with that of the pure CO₂. The experimental test rig is designed and set up for the transcritical heat pump system. When the refrigerant charge is variable, the heating coefficient performance, optimum heat rejection pressure, compressor power, mass flow rate of refrigerant, and total heat coefficient of gas cooler were researched. The variation ratios of heating coefficient performance and heating capacity with deviation from the optimum refrigerant charge were also investigated. The optimum refrigerant charge of CO₂/R290 is obtained and the research results show that the addition of R290 to CO₂ can efficiently reduce the heat rejection pressure and improve the system performance. The results in the present work could provide useful guidelines for the design and operation of heat pump system using CO₂-based mixture.     

浅议突发环境事件直接经济损失评估工作方法

直接经济损失评估作为确定突发环境事件级别、事故追责、刑事判罚、行政处罚的重要依据,是突发环境事件环境损害评估的一项重要工作内容。由于工作起步较晚,它目前存在缺少规范有效的工作制度、缺少工作标准依据和工作细则等问题,给评估工作造成困难。本文结合实际工作经验,讨论评估工作程序和基本方法,包括基础数据收集方法、数据整理方法、数据审核原则以及财产和生态损害评估的量化原则,设计出一套数据调查和整理表格,提出了设备、材料、人工、行政等费用的具体审核标准,并对直接经济损失评估工作的开展提出对策建议。