天然水体中亚硝酸根和硝酸根的光化学研究进展

综述了近年来亚硝酸根和硝酸根 (NO-2 /NO-3 )在天然水体中的环境光化学研究进展。重点介绍了NO-2 /NO-3 光解生成活性氧 (如羟基 )的机理及其影响因素 ,探讨了NO-2 /NO-3 光解引发天然水体中有机物反应的环境意义 ,并据此提出了本领域今后的研究方向     

日本菟丝子对薇甘菊的化感作用

以薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha H.B.K.)和萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)种子为受体,采用生物检测的方法研究了菟丝子属(Cuscuta L.)植物日本菟丝子(Cuscuta japonica Choisy)鲜茎的水浸提液及其有机萃取物的化感效应.结果表明,日本菟丝子鲜茎的水浸提液对萝卜种子的萌发表现出"低促高抑"的现象,且质量浓度越高,抑制作用越强;对薇甘菊根长的抑制作用达到了极显著水平(p<0.01),综合抑制效应指数亦达到-0.32.日本菟丝子鲜茎水浸提液的有机萃取物在折算为干茎质量浓度为10 mg·mL-1(即折算为每毫升溶液曾经用10 mg干茎浸泡)时就对萝卜和薇甘菊种子的萌发表现出极显著的抑制作用(p<0.01),且对两种受体的抑制趋势较一致.可见供体植物日本菟丝子具有较强的化感作用,这为利用它来控制薇甘菊的入侵提供了参考依据.     

NiB2O4 (B = Mn or Co) catalysts for NH3-SCR of NOx at low-temperature in microwave field

● Microwave-assisted catalytic NH₃-SCR reaction over spinel oxides is carried out. ● SCR reaction temperature is tremendously lowered in microwave field. ● NO conversion of NiMn₂O₄ is highly up to 90.6% at 70°C under microwave heating. Microwave-assisted selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) was investigated over Ni-based metal oxides. The NiMn₂O₄ and NiCo₂O₄ catalysts were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and their activities were evaluated as potential candidate catalysts for low-temperature NH₃-SCR in a microwave field. The physicochemical properties and structures of the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), N₂-physisorption, NO adsorption-desorption in the microwave field, H₂-temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) and NH₃-temperature programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD). The results verified that microwave radiation reduced the reaction temperature required for NH₃-SCR compared to conventional heating, which needed less energy. For the NiMn₂O₄ catalyst, the catalytic efficiency exceeded 90% at 70 °C and reached 96.8% at 110 °C in the microwave field. Meanwhile, the NiMn₂O₄ also exhibited excellent low-temperature NH₃-SCR reaction performance under conventional heating conditions, which is due to the high BET specific surface area, more suitable redox property, good NO adsorption-desorption in the microwave field and rich acidic sites.     

巴基斯坦恰希玛核电站安全壳整体密封性试验

介绍了巴基斯坦恰希玛核电站安全壳整体密封性试验的理论方法和试验系统及第一次换料停堆期间进行的整体密封性试验,并对结果进行试验分析。     

大型溞对水环境中抗生素抗性菌与抗性基因的摄食与去除

原后生动物是污水生物处理系统中的常见生物,了解它们是否能够摄食与去除抗生素抗性菌(ARB)和抗生素抗性基因(ARGs),对于建立藉捕食作用的ARB和ARGs去除技术具有重要意义.本研究以大型溞作为代表生物,探究了其对ARB和ARGs的摄食、去除效果与机制.使用荧光抗性菌直接观察其摄食过程,证实大型溞对ARB的摄食与富集...     

Selection and characterization of eight freshwater green algae strains for synchronous water purification and lipid production

The objective of this study is to select and characterize the candidate for synchronous water purification and lipid production from eight freshwater microalgae strains (Chlorella sp. HQ, C. emersonii, C. pyrenoidosa, C. vulgaris, Scenedesmus dimorphus, S. quadricauda, S. obiquus, Scenedesmus sp. LX1). The strains Chlorella sp. HQ, C. pyrenoidesa, and S. obliquus showed superiority in biomass accumulation, while the top biomass producers did not correspond to the top lipid producers. S. quadricauda achieved higher lipid content (66.1%), and Chlorella sp. HQ and S. dimorphus ranked down in sequence, with lipid content above 30%. Considering nutrient removal ability (total nitrogen (TN): 52.97%; total phosphorus (TP): 84.81%), the newly isolated microalga Chlorella sp. HQ was the possible candidate for water purification coupled with lipid production. To further investigate the lipid producing and nutrient removal mechanism of candidate microalga, the ultra structural changes especially the lipid droplets under different water qualities (different TN and TP concentrations) were characterized. The results elucidate the nutrient-deficiency (TN: 3.0 mg·L^–1; TP: 0.3 mg·L^–1) condition was in favor of forming lipid bodies in Chlorella sp. HQ at the subcellular level, while the biomass production was inhibited due to the decrease in chloroplast number which could further suppress the nutrient removal effect. Finally, a twophase cultivation process (a nutrient replete phase to produce biomass followed by a nutrient deplete phase to enhance lipid content) was conducted in a photo-bioreactor for Chlorella sp. HQ to serve for algae-based synchronous biodiesel production and wastewater purification.     

长江上游地区土壤可蚀性空间分异特征

研究土壤可蚀性K值有助于宏观判断和定量分析长江上游地区土壤侵蚀的空间分布特征。利用第二次土壤普查资料建立了长江上游土壤的理化性质数据库,通过三次样条插值对土壤质地进行转换,采用EPIC模型计算出各土种的可蚀性K值,采用面积加权的方法,求得各亚类的可蚀性K值,将其链接至长江上游土壤图的属性表,得到土壤可蚀性空间分布图,进而探讨土壤可蚀性的分布特征。结果表明：长江上游土壤可蚀性以较低可蚀性、中等可蚀性和较高可蚀性为主,横断山区、云贵高原和三峡库区区域土壤可蚀性明显高于四川盆地地区;高可蚀性土壤主要分布在嘉陵江上游和横断山区的低海拔谷地;平均K值为0239 0,最大值041,最小值007土壤可蚀性高低与土壤侵蚀强度、海拔高度和坡度在空间分布上具有一定的规律性     

经验正交函数方法和TRMM数据对长江流域降水模式与极端水文过程的研究

气候变化加剧了极端天气和水文事件的发生,降水是区域干旱与洪水事件最直接驱动因素。以TRMM/PR月累积降水反演遥感数据为基础,利用经验正交函数EOF（Empirical Orthogonal Function）方法对长江流域降水时空变化模式进行提取,并对比分析了主要模式振幅强弱与极端水文事件的对应关系。结果表明在流域尺度上EOF方法及TRMM/PR数据可以较好地识别降水主要模式,通过时空尺度变换成功揭示主要降水模式强弱与流域极端水文事件的对应关系。鉴于日益丰富的巨量水文气象时空数据,EOF方法在模式提取、水文模拟、极端事件预估及灾害适应性研究等方面具有应用潜力     

An analytical solution to contaminant diffusion in semi-infinite clayey soils with piecewise linear adsorption

The adsorption of contaminants onto soil particles typically is nonlinear if the contaminant concentration is sufficiently high. A simplified piecewise linear adsorption isotherm consistent with experimental results is proposed as an approximation for nonlinear adsorption behavior. This approximation allows for the use of analytical solution to model solute diffusion of contaminants that exhibit nonlinear adsorption. A moving boundary is introduced to represent significant changes in the retardation factor of clay with an increase in solute concentration. The proposed analytical solutions were validated using experimental data presented in the literature. There is negligible difference between the results obtained by the proposed analytical solution and those obtained by the linear model when C_m/C₀ reached 0.5. The results also show that the model based on linear adsorption using the initial secant of the Freundlich isotherm leads to significantly lower estimated breakthrough time for the contaminant of interest than that obtained using the proposed model. The earlier breakthrough is due to an under-estimation of the amount of adsorption. The proposed method is relatively simple to apply and can be used for evaluating experimental results and verifying more complex numerical models.     

基于有效性改进的流域生态系统恢复条件价值评估——以长江流域生态系统恢复为例

综合利用有效性改进的方法对流域生态系统恢复的价值进行评估,具体方法包括:①采用二分式选择法作为引导技术以模拟真实市场并解决调查中"没有回应的问题;②设计恰当的核心估值问题并通过图片展示克服CVM的"假想特性";③通过大样本发放、多次调查和调查员培训缩小CVM"假设偏差"以及"调查者偏差";④使用开放式和支付卡式问卷进行预调查以获得二分式选择问卷调查的投标值;⑤分析WTP支付水平影响因素的边际效用以减少"范围问题"的干扰;⑥利用中值法估计WTP分布函数以避免函数"右偏"并减少"厚尾"问题的困扰;⑦根据样本中两次均回答"否"的比例数选择对数logit模型以降低估计结果的偏差;⑧由于WTP的标准误以及95%置信区间都要比单界模式下的估计结果更为精确,故选择双界二分法测算WTP值.通过上述方法测算的南京市民对于长江流域生态系统恢复的支付意愿为270.7元/户·年,而大幅提高居民家庭收入水平是提高居民支付意愿最为有效的途径.