胺基树脂的合成及对水中重金属离子的吸附特征

研究了使用氯甲基化聚苯乙烯交联微球为前驱体与二乙烯三胺经回流反应合成胺基树脂及其对水中Cd2+和Ni2+的吸附特征。结果表明,胺基官能团成功地嫁接到树脂表面,胺基含量为5.6 mmol/g。胺基树脂对Cd2+和Ni2+的吸附等温线表明,温度的升高有利于吸附,且吸附等温线都符合Langmuir模型。pH值对吸附的影响较大,最佳吸附pH值范围为4~6。2种金属离子在胺基树脂上的吸附都符合准二级动力学方程。     

基于有效性改进的流域生态系统恢复条件价值评估——以长江流域生态系统恢复为例

综合利用有效性改进的方法对流域生态系统恢复的价值进行评估,具体方法包括:①采用二分式选择法作为引导技术以模拟真实市场并解决调查中"没有回应的问题;②设计恰当的核心估值问题并通过图片展示克服CVM的"假想特性";③通过大样本发放、多次调查和调查员培训缩小CVM"假设偏差"以及"调查者偏差";④使用开放式和支付卡式问卷进行预调查以获得二分式选择问卷调查的投标值;⑤分析WTP支付水平影响因素的边际效用以减少"范围问题"的干扰;⑥利用中值法估计WTP分布函数以避免函数"右偏"并减少"厚尾"问题的困扰;⑦根据样本中两次均回答"否"的比例数选择对数logit模型以降低估计结果的偏差;⑧由于WTP的标准误以及95%置信区间都要比单界模式下的估计结果更为精确,故选择双界二分法测算WTP值.通过上述方法测算的南京市民对于长江流域生态系统恢复的支付意愿为270.7元/户·年,而大幅提高居民家庭收入水平是提高居民支付意愿最为有效的途径.     

Mitigation effects of silicon rich amendments on heavy metal accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) planted on multi-metal contaminated acidic soil

The mechanisms of stabilization by silicon-rich amendments of cadmium, zinc, copper and lead in a multi-metal contaminated acidic soil and the mitigation of metal accumulation in rice were investigated in this study. The results from a pot experiment indicated that the application of fly ash (20 and 40 g kg⁻¹) and steel slag (3 and 6 g kg⁻¹) increased soil pH from 4.0 to 5.0-6.4, decreased the phytoavailability of heavy metals by at least 60%, and further suppressed metal uptake by rice. Diffusion gradient in thin-film measurement showed the heavy metal diffusion fluxes from soil to solution decreased by greater than 84% after remediation. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the mobile metals were mainly deposited as their silicates, phosphates and hydroxides in amended treatments. Moreover, it was found metal translocation from stem to leaf was dramatically restrained by adding amendments, which might be due to the increase of silicon concentration and co-precipitation with heavy metals in stem. Finally, a field experiment showed the trace element concentrations in polished rice treated with amendments complied with the food safety standards of China. These results demonstrated fly ash and steel slag could be effective in mitigating heavy metal accumulation in rice grown on multi-metal contaminated acidic soils.     

An analytical solution to contaminant diffusion in semi-infinite clayey soils with piecewise linear adsorption

The adsorption of contaminants onto soil particles typically is nonlinear if the contaminant concentration is sufficiently high. A simplified piecewise linear adsorption isotherm consistent with experimental results is proposed as an approximation for nonlinear adsorption behavior. This approximation allows for the use of analytical solution to model solute diffusion of contaminants that exhibit nonlinear adsorption. A moving boundary is introduced to represent significant changes in the retardation factor of clay with an increase in solute concentration. The proposed analytical solutions were validated using experimental data presented in the literature. There is negligible difference between the results obtained by the proposed analytical solution and those obtained by the linear model when C_m/C₀ reached 0.5. The results also show that the model based on linear adsorption using the initial secant of the Freundlich isotherm leads to significantly lower estimated breakthrough time for the contaminant of interest than that obtained using the proposed model. The earlier breakthrough is due to an under-estimation of the amount of adsorption. The proposed method is relatively simple to apply and can be used for evaluating experimental results and verifying more complex numerical models.     

Assessing the impact of ambient ozone on growth and yield of a rice (Oryza sativa L.) and a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar grown in the Yangtze Delta, China, using three rates of application of ethylenediurea (EDU)

Foliar applications of ethylenediurea (abbreviated as EDU) were made at 0, 150, 300 or 450 ppm to field-grown rice and wheat in the Yangtze Delta in China. Rice and wheat responded differently to ambient ozone and EDU applications. For wheat, some growth characteristics, such as yield, seed number per plant, seed set rate and harvest index, increased significantly at 300 ppm EDU treatment, while for rice no parameters measured were statistically different regarding EDU application. The reason may be that the wheat cultivar used may be more sensitive to ozone than the rice cultivar. EDU was effective in demonstrating ozone effects on the wheat cultivar, but not on the rice cultivar. Cultivar sensitivity might be an important consideration when assessing the effects of ambient ozone on plants.     

土壤镉污染防治对策的研究

本文概述了国内外土壤镉污染治理技术成果,比较了各种不同技术的使用条件及特点,并简要说明了其原理。针对天津市镉污染现状,对一些镉污染防治对策进行了研究,并提出可行性建议和措施。     

CODCr测定方法探讨

对经典测定水样ＣＯＤＣｒ的方法进行了改进,以硫酸银－硫酸铜作催化剂代替单独作用硫酸银,用适量硝酸银、硝酸铋代替硫酸汞消除氯离子的干扰,适当提高了消解用硫酸浓度,缩短回流时间。     

废旧电路板中溴的回收工艺研究

在废旧电路板热解处理过程中,溴化阻燃剂分解产生大量溴化氢,为了减少溴化氢对热解设备和环境的危害,提出了碳酸钙吸附分离溴化氢的处理工艺,生成的溴化钙通过水的浸取、过滤、蒸发、浓缩等过程,获得了质量分数为52%,密度为1.7 g/mL的溴化钙水溶液.研究了热解温度、碳酸钙用量对溴化钙产率的影响规律及溴化钙的浸取工艺条件.热解吸附试验表明,碳酸钙与电路板的质量比为1.2～1.4,热解温度约为600 ℃时,溴化钙的产率最高可达86%;浸取试验表明,溴化钙的单次浸取率随浸取剂的浓度增大而降低,随温度升高而提高.溴的回收率主要取决于溴化钙的产率,通过选择合适的热解吸附条件,废旧电路板中溴的总回收率高于80%,所回收的溴化钙液体产品主要技术指标接近同类市售产品.     

天然水体中亚硝酸根和硝酸根的光化学研究进展

综述了近年来亚硝酸根和硝酸根 (NO-2 /NO-3 )在天然水体中的环境光化学研究进展。重点介绍了NO-2 /NO-3 光解生成活性氧 (如羟基 )的机理及其影响因素 ,探讨了NO-2 /NO-3 光解引发天然水体中有机物反应的环境意义 ,并据此提出了本领域今后的研究方向     

日本菟丝子对薇甘菊的化感作用

以薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha H.B.K.)和萝卜(Raphanus sativus L.)种子为受体,采用生物检测的方法研究了菟丝子属(Cuscuta L.)植物日本菟丝子(Cuscuta japonica Choisy)鲜茎的水浸提液及其有机萃取物的化感效应.结果表明,日本菟丝子鲜茎的水浸提液对萝卜种子的萌发表现出"低促高抑"的现象,且质量浓度越高,抑制作用越强;对薇甘菊根长的抑制作用达到了极显著水平(p<0.01),综合抑制效应指数亦达到-0.32.日本菟丝子鲜茎水浸提液的有机萃取物在折算为干茎质量浓度为10 mg·mL-1(即折算为每毫升溶液曾经用10 mg干茎浸泡)时就对萝卜和薇甘菊种子的萌发表现出极显著的抑制作用(p<0.01),且对两种受体的抑制趋势较一致.可见供体植物日本菟丝子具有较强的化感作用,这为利用它来控制薇甘菊的入侵提供了参考依据.