炼油废水微生物燃料电池启动及影响因素

以炼油废水为碳源,构建双室填料型微生物燃料电池,考察接种液、外接电阻等电池启动条件,以及电导率、pH值和缓冲溶液强度等溶液性质对电池产电性能的影响。利用微生物燃料处理炼油废水,COD去除率(52±4)%,含油量去除率(81.8±3)%;利用废水中存在的原生菌即可启动电池,但启动期长,外加接种液可快速启动电池;启动时外接电阻的大小对电池稳定运行后的输出功率有明显影响,对电池内阻影响相对较小,当启动外接电阻为2 000Ω,电池输出功率最大,为288 mW/m3;随阳极溶液电导率电池增大,电池内阻降低,输出功率升高;pH值变化对电池阳极电势影响较大,进而影响电池输出,当溶液pH为9时,电池输出电压最大(388 mV),pH过高或过低均不利于电池产电;随着缓冲强度的增大,电池输出电压增大,且PBS缓冲强度的增大可从电导率增大和改善质子传递条件两方面提高电池的输出功率。     

全细胞脂肪酶(菌)对SBR系统中活性污泥性能的影响

将全细胞脂肪酶(菌)以产脂肪酶微生物的形式直接投加到SBR内,与投加野生型酵母菌及空白对照进行比较,研究其对活性污泥性能及含油脂废水处理效果的影响。结果表明,在15～20℃,pH 6.5～7.5,进水油脂浓度2 000 mg/L的条件下,投加一定量全细胞脂肪酶(菌)的SBR系统间歇处理4 d,活性污泥增殖速度加快,是投加野生型酵母菌的1.3倍。静置30 min时活性污泥SV达到45%,SVI为151,MLSS最高可达2 965 mg/L左右,絮凝时间缩短且无污泥膨胀现象。投加全细胞脂肪酶(菌)的SBR系统中,油脂去除率为86.5%,COD去除率为79.5%,与投加野生型酵母菌的SBR系统相比去除率提高了1.3倍。说明投加全细胞脂肪酶(菌)后活性污泥性能增强,油脂废水处理效率提高。     

Emission characteristics for co-combustion of leather wastes,sewage sludge,and coal in a laboratory-scale entrained flow tube furnace

Four different mixed fuels consisted of leather waste, coal, and sewage sludge were combusted in a lab-scale entrained flow fluidized bed furnace. The influence of blending ratio on emission characteristics of SO₂, NO_x, HCl, particulate matter (PM), heavy metals, and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) was studied. Results showed that the mixing of coal with sewage sludge had a complex effect on the emission characteristics. On the one hand, with more sewage sludge blending in the mixed fuel, the acid gas pollutant (SO₂, NO_x) decreased a lot, and the recovery of volatile heavy metals (Cd, Pb) increased at the same time. Furthermore, the leaching toxicity of Cr in the fly ash and bottom ash went down below the national standard with the adding of sewage sludge. On the other hand, the mixing of sewage sludge which consisted of more ash content resulted in the increase of the PM emission. Moreover, the high content of Cu and chlorine in the sewage sludge can promote the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) when the fuel 3 and 4 were combusted. Most importantly, the concentration of toxic PCDD/Fs in the flue gas produced from fuel 3 and fuel 4 was successfully controlled down below 0.20 ng I-TEQ/Nm³ by the active carbon.

     

阳离子表面活性剂改性四氧化三铁-沸石复合材料对水中刚果红的去除作用

制备了四氧化三铁-沸石复合材料(磁性沸石)和阳离子表面活性剂改性磁性沸石(有机改性磁性沸石),采用X射线衍射分析对有机改性磁性沸石进行了表征,通过批量实验考察了有机改性磁性沸石对水中刚果红的吸附性能,并对相关的吸附机制进行了讨论。实验表明,有机改性磁性沸石对水中的刚果红具备良好的吸附能力,且有机改性磁性沸石对刚果红的吸附能力远远高于磁性沸石。有机改性磁性沸石对水中刚果红的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型,吸附平衡数据可以采用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)等温吸附模型加以描述。根据Langmuir等温吸附模型计算得到的有机改性磁性沸石对刚果红的最大吸附容量为146 mg/g(pH 7和30℃)。有机改性磁性沸石对水中刚果红的吸附属于自发和放热的过程。有机改性磁性沸石吸附水中刚果红的作用机制包括静电吸引、有机相分配、氢键和表面配位。X射线衍射分析结果表明,有机改性磁性沸石含四氧化三铁,吸附刚果红后的有机改性磁性沸石可以很容易地通过外加磁场的作用快速地从水中分离出来。上述结果表明,有机改性磁性沸石适合作为一种吸附剂去除废水中的刚果红。     

叶绿素a对活性污泥中红斑顠体虫生长特性的影响

活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺在春夏之交常发生红斑顠体虫的爆发性繁殖,使系统性能恶化。用螺旋藻和活性污泥在光照培养箱中对红斑顠体虫进行培养,通过指数拟合,得出红斑顠体虫的指数增长率和倍增时间。用螺旋藻和活性污泥单独培养,红斑顠体虫倍增时间分别可达1.44 d和2.04 d。用活性污泥和螺旋藻对红斑顠体虫进行联合培养,发现在污泥浓度为132 mg/L时,叶绿素a浓度为85.9 mg/m3时,其倍增时间为1.14 d。可见在叶绿素a、活性污泥以及两者协同影响下,都可促进红斑顠体虫的生长。     

温度对活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺中红斑颗体虫爆发性繁殖影响

活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺在春夏之交常发生红斑颗体虫的爆发性繁殖,使系统性能恶化。用烧杯实验模拟活性污泥-生物膜复合工艺,保持填料投配率为30％,分别在不同温度下（20,25,30℃）运行实验装置,待运行稳定后,接种红斑颗体虫,创造条件以观察红斑颗体虫是否发生爆发性繁殖。实验结果发现,红斑颗体虫在25℃和30℃都不同程度产生了爆发性繁殖,最大种群密度分别达到383个／mL和200个／mL,同时,红斑颡体虫的爆发性繁殖不会对进出水的COD和氨氮去除产生影响;在温度25℃和30℃时,红斑颗体虫爆发性繁殖都导致了总氮的释放,红斑颗体虫种群密度分别大于等于66个／mL和50个／mL可分别作为红斑颡体虫在25℃和30℃发生爆发性繁殖的标志;实验也证明了红斑颡体虫的爆发性繁殖不会产生大量啃食生物膜的现象;用SPSS做多元线性回归分析,得出红斑颢体虫的最大种群密度与总氮的释放显著相关。     

氧化电解法处理工业含硫恶臭气体的研究

利用铁盐溶液,通过气体超微细分散式吸收反应器和电化学再生系统结合的反应器,对中高浓度含硫恶臭气体进行吸收及电化学再生过程进行了初步研究.结果表明:当反应液位高度为55 cm、温度为20 ℃和H+浓度小于1.5 mol/L时,进气浓度小于1 000 mg/m3时,含硫恶臭气体处理效率可到达96%以上.当液位高度为55 c...     

Theoretical evaluation of the configurations and Raman spectra of 209 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners

Though polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have distributed as threats in the environment to human beings for several decades, monitoring of trace level PCBs in-field is still a challenge. As a potential method for monitoring PCBs at trace levels, Raman spectroscopy has been used to detect several PCBs in the laboratory. To facilitate the development of rapid detection of PCBs by Raman spectroscopy, it is essential to investigate the Raman spectra of all PCB congeners. Herein, the stable configurations and vibrational spectra of all the PCB congeners were calculated by Gaussian 03 program package. Based on molecular symmetry, PCBs are classified into seven groups. The structural features and the normal vibration modes for each group are discussed. Taking the C(2)-2 group as an example, the wavenumber ranges of the various normal vibration modes in the Raman spectra of PCBs were analyzed. The accuracy of calculated results was verified by experimental Raman spectra of PCB77 standard. This study can elucidate further information to promote the development of Raman spectroscopy in environmental monitoring.     

氧化改性活性炭纤维吸附材料制备及其性能研究

目的 以不同浓度的双氧水溶液对活性炭纤维进行氧化改性,制备SO₂、NOx腐蚀气氛吸附材料。方法采用红外光谱、X射线衍射仪、X射线光电子能谱仪等表征方式,揭示双氧水改性对活性炭纤维孔隙结构、表面物理化学性质、吸附性能的影响,并将装有吸附材料的防护包装贮存于湿热海洋气候环境中,验证腐蚀气氛控制效果。结果 双氧水改性活性炭纤维后,其表面官能团未发生变化,比表面积先减小、后增大。改性后,活性炭纤维表面活性位点有所增加,对应的吸附性能显著增加,30%双氧水改性活性炭纤维对SO₂、NO₂、NO的饱和吸附量分别为100、153、128 mg/g,与改性前相比,分别提高了67%、180%、137%。应用吸附材料的防护包装内部腐蚀气氛浓度在3个月内几乎为0。结论 双氧水改性活性炭纤维具有良好的腐蚀气氛吸附性能,在长贮微环境中具有良好应用前景。     

太滆运河表层沉积物中的酞酸酯类增塑剂和溴系、有机磷系阻燃剂残留特征初探

分别采用微波萃取-气相色谱/质谱法、加速溶剂萃取提取-液相色谱/质谱法对采自太滆运河5个沉积物样品中的6种邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)、13种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和9种有机磷酸酯(OPEs)的质量比及分布进行研究。结果表明,所有样品中均检测到PAEs、PBDEs和OPEs(以总量计),其总质量比分别为1.99~6.90μg/g,47~572和17.1~69.7 ng/g;十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)和磷酸三异辛酯(TEHP)分别是质量比最高的PBDEs和OPEs;对于PAEs,入太湖点位处邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)质量比较高,其余点位则是邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)质量比较高;ω(PAEs)、ω(PBDEs)和ω(OPEs)两两间线性相关性较好,指示其来源相同;下游沉积物中污染物的质量比均高于上游,沿岸生产、生活中增塑剂和阻燃剂对太湖的污染应引起更多关注。