Reclaiming the spent alkaline zinc manganese dioxide batteries collected from the manufacturers to prepare valuable electrolytic zinc and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 materials

A process for reclaiming the materials in spent alkaline zinc manganese dioxide (Zn–Mn) batteries collected from the manufacturers to prepare valuable electrolytic zinc and LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ materials is presented. After dismantling battery cans, the iron cans, covers, electric rods, organic separator, label, sealing materials, and electrolyte are separated through the washing, magnetic separation, filtrating, and sieving operations. Then, the powder residues react with H₂SO₄ (2 mol L^?1) solution to dissolve zinc under a liquid/solid ratio of 3:1 at room temperature, and subsequently, the electrolytic Zn with purity of ?99.8% is recovered in an electrolytic cell with a cathode efficiency of ?85% under the conditions of 37–40 °C and 300 A m^?2. The most of MnO₂ and a small quantity of electrolytic MnO₂ are recovered from the filtration residue and the electrodeposit on the anode of electrolytic cell, respectively. The recovered manganese oxides are used to synthesize LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ material of lithium-ion battery. The as-synthesized LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ discharges 118.3 mAh g^?1 capacity and 4.7 V voltage plateau, which is comparable to the sample synthesized using commercial electrolytic MnO₂. This process can recover the substances in the spent Zn–Mn batteries and innocuously treat the wastewaters, indicating that it is environmentally acceptable and applicable.     

基于零排放浓盐水处理技术的发展

对基于零排放浓盐水处理技术存在的问题进行了简单分析,然后对基于零排放浓盐水处理技术不同工段的处理新技术进行了简单介绍,最后分析了今后基于零排放浓盐水处理技术的发展方向。     

A critical review on the application of biochar in environmental pollution remediation: Role of persistent free radicals (PFRs)

Biochar as an emerging carbonaceous material has exhibited a great potential in environmental application for its perfect adsorption ability. However, there are abundant persistent free radicals (PFRs) in biochar, so the direct and indirect PFRs-mediated removal of organic and inorganic contaminants by biochar was widely reported. In order to comprehend deeply the formation of PFRs in biochar and their interactions with contaminants, this paper reviews the formation mechanisms of PFRs in biochar and the PFRs-mediated environmental applications of biochar in recent years. Finally, future challenges in this field are also proposed. This review provides a more comprehensive understanding on the emerging applications of biochar from the viewpoint of the catalytic role of PFRs.     

烟气温度对电除尘器性能影响的数值模拟

采用计算流体动力学（CFD）软件对电除尘器进行三维数值模拟研究,通过自定义函数（UDF）实现电场、流场、颗粒场和温度场的4场耦合,研究烟气温度对电除尘器电场特性、流场特性和除尘效率的影响.结果显示：入口烟气质量流量相同时,当烟气温度从20℃上升到400℃时,平均电场强度从4.9×10⁵V/m减小到1.4×10⁵V/m,平均板电流密度从0.971mA/m²降至0.261mA/m²,但板电流密度分布的均匀性逐渐变好;烟气温度上升平均湍流强减小,离子风效应也随之减小.当入口烟气体积流量相同时,随着烟气温度的增加,颗粒运动轨迹线拉长,整体的颗粒捕集效率减低.降低烟气温度可以有效提高电除尘器的除尘效率.     

光和过氧化物酶对水中17α-乙炔基雌二醇的协同降解机制研究

过氧化物酶广泛存在于天然水体中,可利用腐殖质光照下产生的过氧化氢(H₂O₂)对雌激素的光转化过程产生影响,但过氧化物酶是否可直接影响雌激素的光转化尚不清楚.因此,本研究探索了在模拟光照条件下辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)对水体中17α-乙炔基雌二醇(EE2)光解的影响机制.结果发现,HRP的存在显著地促进了EE2的光降解,且促进作用随酶活的增大而增大,但失活的HRP对EE2的光降解没有明显影响.EE2可在光照条件下发生直接光解和自敏化光解.通过活性氧种类(ROS)猝灭实验推测EE2自敏化产生的ROS可激活HRP,引发了在光照条件下EE2的酶降解.分别曝氧气和氮气后,EE2在HRP溶液中的光酶协同降解分别被促进和抑制,进一步说明了ROS在光酶协同降解中的重要性.HRP的活性随着光照时间的增加缓慢下降,从而可以持续地促进EE2的光酶协同降解,推测HRP对EE2在天然水体中的衰减影响很大.本文可为深入认识雌激素的环境归趋补充科学数据.     

金属氧化物负载γ-Al_2O_3粒子电极对酸性橙Ⅱ的电催化氧化研究

以γ-Al_2O_3作为载体,采用浸渍热分解法制备了Sn、Mn、Cu、Pb单组分氧化物和Sn-Ce-Sb复合氧化物粒子电极。通过对酸性橙II(AOII)的降解实验,以及采用重复试验和扫描电镜(SEM)、紫外光谱扫描等方法,探讨了粒子电极材料的性能。研究结果表明:Sn/γ-Al_2O_3相比于Mn/γ-Al_2O_3、Cu/γ-Al_2O_3、Pb/γ-Al_2O_3等单组分氧化物粒子电极表现出了更好的电催化活性和稳定性。掺杂Ce、Sb后电极表面晶体粒径细小且分布均匀,有利于提高Sn/γ-Al_2O_3粒子电极的性能。电流密度为20 m A/cm2,曝气量0.5 L/min反应条件下,反应3 h后Sn-Ce-Sb/γ-Al_2O_3粒子电极对AOII的去除率为100%,TOC的去除率达84.2%,重复使用5次后TOC去除率仍保持在80%以上。表明Sn-Ce-Sb/γ-Al_2O_3粒子电极具有较好的应用前景。     

城市河道沉积物中残留医用抗生素对反硝化潜势的抑制作用及机制

研究了南明河贵阳城区段中沉积物的5种残留医用抗生素对沉积物反硝化潜势的影响,并采用荧光定量PCR及高通量测序方法检测了5种反硝化过程中的关键功能基因丰度以及编码nirS基因的细菌群落结构,探讨了抗生素残留影响反硝化潜势的微生物学机制.结果表明,南明河沉积物中5种目标抗生素中,诺氟沙星(norfloxacin,NFX)的浓度最高((537.13±212.69) ng·g~(-1)),并且对沉积物中反硝化潜势有显著抑制效果(p0.05).进一步分析表明,NFX对反硝化潜势的抑制作用主要是通过抑制编码nirS细菌主导的亚硝酸盐还原阶段而实现的.本研究揭示了城市河道沉积物中的残留抗生素可能会削弱河道的反硝化脱氮能力从而加重河流氮污染状况,为评估抗生素污染的微生态效应提供了依据.     

液体危化品罐车卸货防喷技术研究

液体危化品大量地通过罐车运输,目前液体危化品罐车卸货完成后从通用卸货管道上拔掉卸货软管时,发生软管内残余液体危化品外喷伤人现象,其原因是液体危化品罐车卸货完毕,关闭罐车上的卸货阀门后,软管内压力大于管口大气压,在从通用卸货管道上拔掉卸货软管时,造成管内残余液体危化品从管口外喷,拔管时出现的外喷现象的动力,就是来自于这种压差.提出解决该问题的方法是对罐车的卸货装置进行简单改造,增加一个调节装置来平衡卸货软管内与外界大气压,消除液体外喷的动力.并在一家危险化学品经营企业的浓硝酸运输罐车上进行了实践应用,证明了该方法安全可行,提高了浓硝酸卸货时的安全性.     

Distribution and chemical partitioning of heavy metals in marine near-shore sediment cores: a case study from the Xugou, Lianyungang, China

The concentrations and chemical partitioning of heavy metals (Co, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, and Pb) in the marine near-shore sediment cores were investigated. Typically, the mean concentrations from Core B sediment samples were 98.6, 21.1, 47.0, 46.4, 107.6, and 31.9 mg kg^???1 for Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb, respectively. The heavy metal concentrations were normalized to commonly used reference elements Al, Li, Sc, and total organic carbon. Based on Pearson coefficients, Li was found to be a good normalizer for Co (r?= 0.974), Cr (r?= 0.967), Ni (r?= 0.898), and Zn (r?= 0.929) in 80 sediment samples from three sampling sites. However, the correlation coefficients between Li and Cu, and Li and Pb were relatively low. Multivariate statistic approaches (Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis) were adopted for data treatment, allowing the identification of two main factors controlling the heavy metal variability in the sediments. Heavy metals in the enrichment sections were evaluated by a sequential extraction method for possible chemical forms in sediments. The results showed that the residual, Fe/Mn oxides and Organic/sulfide fractions were dominant geochemical phases in the enriched sections, indicating low bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments.     

化工园区突发水污染事故应急救援理论框架构建

针对化工园区突发水污染事故,从系统论的思想出发,从安全科学、安全管理学和安全系统工程3方面人手,全面系统地分析了化工园区突发水污染事故的应急目标、应急对象、应急方法和程序、应急管理检验与控制等应急救援理论的构成要素及其相互关系,构建了一个应急救援理论框架,为化工园区应对突发水污染事故提供了方法保障.