产品导向的环境政策研究进展

产品在整个生命周期都可能对环境造成不同程度的不利影响,因此传统的"末端处理"或"中端处理"的环境产品政策已经不能满足环境需要,产品导向的环境产品政策正是基于这种考虑产生的。通过介绍欧盟几个国家的产品导向的环境产品政策,论述了产品导向的环境产品政策的基本理论及研究进展。     

Radioactive contamination in the marine environment adjacent to the outfall of the radioactive waste treatment plant at ATOMFLOT,northern Russia

RTP "ATOMFLOT" is a civilian nuclear icebreaker base located on the Kola Bay of northwest Russia. The objectives of this study were to determine the distributions of man-made radionuclides in the marine environment adjacent to the base, to explain the form of the distributions in sediments and to derive information concerning the fate of radionuclides discharged from ATOMFLOT. Mean activity concentrations (d.w.) for surface sediment, of 63 Bq kg(-1 137Cs, 5.8 Bq kg(-1) 90Sr and 0.45 Bq kg(-1 239,240)Pu were measured. Filtered seawater activity levels were in the range of 3--6.9 Bq m(-3) 137Cs, 2.0-11.2 Bq m(-3) 90Sr, and 16-40 m Bq m(-3), 239,240Pu. Short-lived radionuclides were present at sediment depths in excess of 10cm indicating a high degree of sediment mixing. Correlations of radionuclide activity concentrations with grain-size appear to be absent; instead, the presence of relatively contaminated sediment appears to be related to the existence of radioactive particles.     

Integrated background monitoring in the USSR

The whole biosphere of the Earth is faced with an increasing anthropogenic pressure. Mankind uses natural resources for its physical and spiritual demands so widely that undesirable effects appear not only in separate regions but embrace the whole biosphere as well. As a rule, such processes develop slowly. They have an irreversible character and to avoid them, preventive decisions are needed. For that purpose, comprehensive and systematic information on the state of the biosphere is needed.The integrated background monitoring system has been implemented and is in operation in the USSR. Structurally, the integrated background monitoring system is divided into three groups: background stations on land; background stations on fresh water; and background stations on inland and periphery seas.All of the data received from these stations are analyzed and correlated at the Natural Environment and Climate Monitoring Laboratory of the USSR State Committee for Hydrometeorology and Control of the Natural Environment, the USSR Academy of Sciences, and in other scientific institutes of the State Committee. The information serves for the assessment of the state of the environment, prediction of anthropogenic effects, and for evaluation of the measures taken to prevent pollution of the biosphere at national and international levels.The information is shared in a wide international exchange within the framework of several international organizations (UNEP, WMO, UNESCO, ECE, CMEA, and others) and of the bilateral agreements on cooperation in the field of environmental protection (USA, France, Sweden, FRG, CMEA Member Countries).     

西南地区土地资源利用问题与对策探讨

本文在深入调查和了解西南地区土地资源利用现状和特点的基础上，认真分析总结其利用过程中存在的问题，并提出相应的对策与建议。     

金佛山岩溶环境与经济开发对策

岩溶环境是一种缺土、缺水、富钙的极不稳定极其脆弱的生态环境，本文分析了金佛山岩溶环境的形成，探讨了该区现有的资源优势及其岩溶生态环境的脆弱性对经济发展的滞后作用，并针对该区存在的资源优势和环境劣势，提出了相应的经济开发措施，指出金佛山经济开发不能以牺牲环境保护和生态建设为代价，必须把它们放到与经济开放并重的位置。     

基于组合权重-Fuzzy的航空公司安全管理体系有效性评估

为提升航空公司安全管理体系(SMS)建设效果和质量,全面考察了影响SMS成效的各类因素,以提高SMS评估模型的有效性.采用融合主观和客观的组合权重法(G1法和变异系数法)求得各级指标的权重,并基于模糊综合评估法,使用三角模糊隶属度函数,构建SMS模糊综合评价模型.最后,以某航空公司为实证对象,求解模糊评判矩阵,并根据最大隶属度原则和加权平均量化法得到该航司SMS有效性的评估等级及量化分值.结果表明,基于G1-变异系数的组合权重法能得到更科学合理的指标权重,各类指标中管理因素和人的因素占有相对重要的权重.某航司SMS有效性评估整体结果良好,但在安全结果类因素方面仍有待加强.     

哈尔滨松北区2007年春季可吸入颗粒物PM10的粒度分布及来源分析

通过使用高分辨率扫描电镜和图象分析技术对哈尔滨市松北区春季大气可吸入颗粒物PM10微观形貌和粒度分布进行了分析。初步得出哈尔滨松北区PM10的矿物多以不规则的形式存在,且多是来自扬尘的原生矿物;根据粒度分布特征得知,矿物颗粒的数量-粒度分布非常大;飞灰和烟尘集合体的数量-粒度分布较大,说明它们多以微小细颗粒物的形式存在。     

土壤资源信息共享的WEBGIS实现

如何使用和共享现有的土壤科学数据一直是一个重要问题。为提高土壤资源信息的共享和利用效率,文章阐述了在因特网环境下实现土壤资源信息发布的体系结构及关键技术,讨论了其实现方法。采用WebGIS技术,以ARCIMS为平台,以广东省土壤系列图件为基础,构建土壤信息共享系统,通过WEBGIS进行土壤资源信息的发布和共享,并介绍了系统的主要功能。     

植物对水溶液中乐果的降解及影响因素分析

通过气相色谱分析,建立浓度换算标准曲线,研究了三种水生植物水葱、香蒲和石菖蒲对水溶液中乐果的降解效果,并进一步探讨了水葱对乐果降解的动力学过程和各因素对乐果去除的贡献。结果表明,三种植物对乐果去除能力由大到小依次为:水葱,香蒲,石菖蒲。水葱10天内对乐果的去除率为58%,香蒲和石菖蒲组对乐果的去除率分别为39%和33%。乐果的自然降解和挥发、植物吸收和微生物降解作用对乐果去除的贡献率约为:20%、40%、30%。水体的pH升高能够加速乐果的降解,营养盐质量浓度的下降不利于植物去除乐果。