不同天气形势下杭州市空气污染特征个例分析

利用杭州市气象局观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和中尺度天气预报模式WRF的数值模拟结果,对杭州市2011—2012年春、夏、秋、冬4个季节各一天的污染天气进行分析;同时选取2012年夏季有利于污染物扩散的天气个例进行对比分析。结果表明,杭州市容易发生轻度污染的天气类型主要有4类:高压前部、高压底部、高压控制和高压后部;500 h Pa高空系统稳定,受西南气流影响,850 h Pa有暖平流,1 000 h Pa风速较小时,容易造成污染物的积累,发生空气污染现象。WRF模拟结果显示,当杭州市为偏北风且风速较小时,容易发生空气污染事件,当为偏南风且风速较大时,空气质量一般较好。温度层结分析发现,当近地层以及高空出现较为深厚的逆温层且低层温度层结呈现中性或者稳定时,不利于污染物的扩散,污染物容易在底层积累,出现近地层空气污染现象。     

Can tree species diversity be assessed with Landsat data in a temperate forest?

The diversity of forest trees as an indicator of ecosystem health can be assessed using the spectral characteristics of plant communities through remote sensing data. The objectives of this study were to investigate alpha and beta tree diversity using Landsat data for six dates in the Gönen dam watershed of Turkey. We used richness and the Shannon and Simpson diversity indices to calculate tree alpha diversity. We also represented the relationship between beta diversity and remotely sensed data using species composition similarity and spectral distance similarity of sampling plots via quantile regression. A total of 99 sampling units, each 20 m × 20 m, were selected using geographically stratified random sampling method. Within each plot, the tree species were identified, and all of the trees with a diameter at breast height (dbh) larger than 7 cm were measured. Presence/absence and abundance data (tree species number and tree species basal area) of tree species were used to determine the relationship between richness and the Shannon and Simpson diversity indices, which were computed with ground field data, and spectral variables derived (2 × 2 pixels and 3 × 3 pixels) from Landsat 8 OLI data. The Shannon-Weiner index had the highest correlation. For all six dates, NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) was the spectral variable most strongly correlated with the Shannon index and the tree diversity variables. The Ratio of green to red (VI) was the spectral variable least correlated with the tree diversity variables and the Shannon basal area. In both beta diversity curves, the slope of the OLS regression was low, while in the upper quantile, it was approximately twice the lower quantiles. The Jaccard index is closed to one with little difference in both two beta diversity approaches. This result is due to increasing the similarity between the sampling plots when they are located close to each other. The intercept differences between two investigated beta diversity were strongly related to the development stage of a number of sampling plots in the tree species basal area method. To obtain beta diversity, the tree basal area method indicates better result than the tree species number method at representing similarity of regions which are located close together. In conclusion, NDVI is helpful for estimating the alpha diversity of trees over large areas when the vegetation is at the maximum growing season. Beta diversity could be obtained with the spectral heterogeneity of Landsat data. Future tree diversity studies using remote sensing data should select data sets when vegetation is at the maximum growing season. Also, forest tree diversity investigations can be identified by using higher-resolution remote sensing data such as ESA Sentinel 2 data which is freely available since June 2015.     

汽油尾气对人肺腺癌A549细胞的氧化损伤效应研究

为研究汽油燃烧汽车尾气(简称汽油尾气)的氧化损伤效应及其可能的毒作用机制,以人肺腺癌A549细胞为研究对象,采用MTT试验测试汽油尾气对细胞的毒性作用;通过测定细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性了解细胞在汽油尾气作用下抗氧化水平的改变;并用彗星试验检测汽油尾气对细胞DNA氧化损伤及修复的影响．结果显示汽油尾气在浓度≥0．0625L·mL-1时即显示出明显的细胞毒性;汽油尾气作用下A549 细胞SOD及GSH-Px活性均下降,在一定的浓度范围内与对照组比较有统计学差异(p<0．05)．汽油尾气可诱导 A549细胞不同程度的DNA氧化损伤,且细胞拖尾率和DNA迁移长度均随着汽油尾气浓度的增加而增加;损伤后 A549细胞修复发生较快,3小时内基本修复完全．提示汽油尾气具有明显的细胞毒性作用,可影响A549细胞抗氧化酶活性,并可导致DNA的氧化损伤．     

Concentration and size distribution of particulate matter in a new aviary system for laying hens in China

ABSTRACT

Particulate matter (PM) from poultry production facilities may strongly affect the health of animals and workers in the houses, and PM emitted to the ambient air is an important pollution source to the surrounding areas. Aviary system is considered as a welfare friendly production system for laying hens. However, its air quality is typically worse as compared with conventional cage systems, because of the higher PM concentration of indoor air and other airborne contaminants. Furthermore, PM’s physical property, which has a direct impact on the penetration depth into the lungs of the birds and humans, is largely unknown for the aviary system. Therefore, a systematic method was utilized to investigate the characteristics of particles in the aviary house with large cage aviary unit system (LCAU) in Beijing, China. For the field measurements, three measuring locations were selected with two inside and one outside the house with LCAU to continuously monitor PM concentrations and collect the samples for particle size distribution (PSD) analysis. Results showed that PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and total suspended particulate (TSP) concentrations averaged at 0.037 ± 0.025 mg/m³, 0.42 ± 0.10 mg/m³, and 1.92 ± 1.91 mg/m³, respectively. Particle concentrations increased from October to December due to less ventilation as the weather got colder, and were generally affected by stocking density, ventilation rate, birds’ activities, and housing system. Meanwhile, indoor PM_2.5 concentration was easily impacted by the ambient air quality. Mass median diameter (MMD) and mass geometric standard deviation (MGSD) of the TSP during the measurement were 18.92 ± 7.08 μm and 3.11 ± 0.31, respectively. Count median diameter (CMD) and count geometric standard deviation (CGSD) were 1.94 ± 0.14 μm and 1.48 ± 0.08, respectively. Results indicated that the aviary system can attain a good indoor condition by suitable system design and environment control strategy.

Implications: Indoor PM_2.5 concentration of the layer house can be significantly affected by ambient air quality when the air quality index (AQI) was larger than 100. PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations of the layer house with a LCAU system were comparable to the cage system. TSP concentration was higher, and PM size was larger than most of the cage system. System design, larger space volume, and higher ventilation rate were the main influence factors. Good indoor environment of the aviary system can be achieved through the reasonable design of the production system and appropriate environment control strategy.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定食品中的铝

采用硝酸-高氯酸消解,电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES法)测定食品中铝。结果表明,消解液可以直接用水定容上机;在A l浓度0~6mg/L范围内,相关系数R2=0.9996,优于国标比色法(0~3μg范围内,R2=0.981);该方法检出限为0.15mg/kg,极大地优于国标比色法(12.5 mg/kg);同一样品比较,本法RSD为5.8%,而国标比色法只能达10%;该法回收率在92%~97%之间,对GBW 10016茶叶标准物质测定值也在可接受范围内。     

环保企业集群的优势分析和发展建议

阐述了环保企业集群的定义,分析了环保企业集群的优势,列举了典型范例,给出了环保企业集群发展的建议。     

焙烧态锂铝水滑石对水中氟离子吸附性能研究

采用尿素水热法合成了不同摩尔比的锂铝水滑石(Li/Al LDHs),经480℃煅烧后制备出焙烧态锂铝水滑石(Li/AlLDOs)。研究了Li/Al LDOs对水中氟离子的吸附性能,分别考察了吸附时间、吸附温度和pH等因素对吸附效果的影响,并对吸附机制进行了探讨。结果表明,Li/Al LDOs吸附水中氟离子的行为符合准二级动力学方程,吸附等温数据符合Freundlich吸附等温方程,pH对吸附效果影响较大。X射线衍射分析表明,水滑石样品经历了物相转变及重构过程,Li/Al LDOs可有效去除水体中的氟离子。     

国家环境信息数据库的研究

本文概述了国家“七五"科技攻关“国家环境信息数据库研究"课题的研究背景,研究方法及该课题的研究成果“国家环境信息系统"的总体结构、规模、系统的主要功能以及该系统“八五"继开发的设想。      

攀西地区主要蔬菜和水果基地土壤Zn污染调查研究

根据各水果、蔬菜基地的分区定点采样结果的对比分析,研究了四川省攀西地区主要蔬菜和水果基地土壤中Zn含量。结果表明,该区土壤Zn平均值范围在75．0～160mg／kg之间。各基地土壤平均锌含量顺序为：撒莲蔬菜基地〉攀莲蔬菜基地〉会理石榴基地〉大田石榴基地〉西区芒果、桂圆基地〉仁和芒果基地〉盐边芒果、枇杷基地。7个基地中有3个基地的土壤锌含量不同程度超过土壤环境质量Ⅱ级标准,其中以大田石榴基地超标最高（16％）,平均值却是两个蔬菜基地最高。