An inventory of N(2)O emissions from agriculture in China using precipitation-rectified emission factor and background emission

Fertilized agricultural soils are a major anthropogenic source of atmospheric N₂O. A credible national inventory of agricultural N₂O emission would benefit its global strength estimate. We compiled a worldwide database of N₂O emissions from fertilized fields that were consecutively measured for more than or close to one year. Both nitrogen input (N) and precipitation (P) were found to be largely responsible for temporal and spatial variabilities in annual N₂O fluxes (N₂O–N). Thus, we established an empirical model (N₂O–N = 1.49 P + 0.0186 P · N), in which both emission factor and background emission for N₂O were rectified by precipitation. In this model, annual N₂O emission consists of a background emission of 1.49 P and a fertilizer-induced emission of 0.0186 P · N. We used this model to develop a spatial inventory at the 10 × 10 km scale of direct N₂O emissions from agriculture in China. N₂O emissions from rice paddies were separately quantified using a cropping-specific emission factor. Annual fertilizer-induced N₂O emissions amounted to 198.89 Gg N₂O–N in 1997, consisting of 18.50 Gg N₂O–N from rice paddies and 180.39 Gg N₂O–N from fertilized uplands. Annual background emissions and total emissions of N₂O from agriculture were estimated to be 92.78 Gg N₂O–N and 291.67 Gg N₂O–N, respectively. The annual direct N₂O emission accounted for 0.92% of the applied N with an uncertainty of 29%. The highest N₂O fluxes occurred in East China as compared with the least fluxes in West China.     

冬季垃圾填埋场渗滤液回灌水量平衡的实验研究

渗滤液回灌的水量平衡是垃圾填埋场渗滤液回灌处理法工程应用的关键问题之一。着重研究了冬季渗滤水回灌的水量平衡状况。结果表明,冬季回灌水量仍可通过土壤蒸发得到大量削减,径流量、土壤渗出 水与下渗水的比值大于春夏秋三季,平均蒸发量小于些三季。回灌条件下,土壤湿润度提高,蒸发量增大。     

活性炭纤维在环境保护中的应用及前景

本文介绍了一种新型环境功能材料———活性炭纤维在环境保护中的应用现状及前景。通过与以颗粒活性炭为代表的传统碳材料在结构、性能方面的对比 ,概述了活性炭纤维优良的吸附、催化氧化等特性。然后全面介绍了活性炭纤维在气体处理、水处理、劳动防护、环境监测及清洁生产等方面的应用。同时结合目前活性炭纤维的研究开发现状 ,分析了制约其发展的因素 ,提出了相应的对策 ,并指出了发展方向。     

Fe/TiO2光催化降解水溶液中的4-氯苯酚

以TiO2-P25及FeC2O4为前驱物制备了Fe3 掺杂TiO2光催化剂--Fe/TiO2.X射线衍射结果表明,500 ℃煅烧温度下的Fe/TiO2主要是锐态矿晶型,当掺Fe3 量为0.5%(质量分数,下同)时,Fe3 以取代掺杂形式进入TiO2晶格,而当掺Fe3 量达5.0%时,则出现α-Fe2O3的特征衍射峰;900 ℃煅烧温度下的Fe/TiO2则均为金红石晶型,掺Fe3 量达2.0%～5.0%时,出现Fe2TiO5的特征衍射峰.4-氯苯酚的光催化实验结果表明,煅烧温度及Fe3 掺杂量对Fe/TiO2的光催化活性有显著影响,以煅烧温度500 ℃及掺Fe3 量0.5%的Fe/TiO2为光催化剂,反应80 min,4-氯苯酚的降解率达100%,总有机碳去除率约95%.     

The study of operating variables in soil washing with EDTA

This study discusses the operating variables for removal of metals from soils using EDTA, including the type of EDTA, reaction time, solution pH, dose, temperature, agitation, ultrasound and number of extractions. For As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, the removal efficiency order was: H₄-EDTA > Na₂EDTA > (NH₄)₂EDTA. At low EDTA concentrations the removal increased progressively with increasing dose while above 0.4 mmol/g only small increases in extraction efficiency were observed. EDTA induced a two-step process including a rapid desorption within the first hour, and a gradual release in the following hours. The extraction efficiency of metals decreased with increasing pH in the range of 2-10. Consecutive extractions using low concentrations were more effective than a single extraction with concentrated EDTA if the same dose of EDTA was used.     

浮动生物床/地下渗滤联合工艺处理校园污水的设计与管理

结合沈阳师范大学的校园污水处理实例,阐明地下渗滤与浮动生物床联合工艺的设计和运营管理的问题.实践证明,采用浮动生物床/地下渗滤工艺对生活污水进行深度处理,投资运行费用低、管理简单、出水水质稳定且优于所要求的回用水水质.     

乙酸钠为碳源时进水COD和总磷对生物除磷的影响

研究了乙酸钠为碳源时,乙酸盐和总磷浓度对循序间歇式生物除磷工艺运行效果的影响,以及含高浓度乙酸盐废水不能有效除磷的原因结果表明:COD<600mg·L^-1时,随着COD/TP值的增大,总磷去除率提高,COD/TP<50时,磷的去除率提高显著,但当COD/TP>50时,磷的去除变化不大;进水乙酸盐浓度过高(COD>600mg·L^-1)使除磷效率逐渐下降,COD>1000 mg·L^-1会使生物除磷系统完全崩溃;研究发现除磷效率的下降是由于过多的乙酸盐从厌氧段进入了好氧段,引起丝状菌的增殖、污泥膨胀,导致聚磷菌被洗出.     

硫碳比对芦苇碳源-硫耦合表面流湿地脱氮的影响

针对农田退水中NO₃--N占比高、碳氮比低的问题,提出PS-SFW（Phragmites australis and sulfur combined surface flow constructed wetland,芦苇碳源-硫耦合表面流人工湿地）,对其强化农田退水脱氮的可行性进行了研究,并与SFW₀（无芦苇碳源-硫填充的常规表面流湿地）进行对比,重点研究了HRT（水力停留时间）为3、2、4 d条件下S/C（质量比,分别为0.32、0.56）对PS-SFW脱氮效能的影响.结果表明,HRT为3 d（第29~40天）时,PS-SFW_0.32（S/C比为0.32）、PS-SFW_0.56（S/C比为0.56）和SFW₀的w（NO₃--N）分别为55.9%±11.0%、66.0%±10.0%和7.0%±3.0%,w（TN）分别为36.9%±1.0%、40.3%±3.0%和4.5%±2.0%,PS-SFW_0.56对TN和NO₃--N去除效能高于PS-SFW_0.32,远高于SFW₀;HRT为4 d时（第41~81天）及HRT为3 d（第130~149天）时,PS-SFW_0.32、PS-SFW_0.56、SFW₀的w（NO₃--N）为66.3%±5.0%、90.5%±4.0%、14.4±4.0%和53.4%±3.0%、62.9%±10.0%、48.5%±5.0%,w（TN）为55.5%±5.0%、75.4%±5.0%、14.4%±3.0%和48.8%±2.0%、57.5%±6.0%、44.1%±5.0%,PS-SFW_0.56对NO₃--N和TN的去除效能均优于PS-SFW_0.32,并且优于SFW₀.HRT为2 d（第82~129天）时,PS-SFW_0.32、PS-SFW_0.56、SFW₀的w（NO₃--N）为47.7%±7.0%、46.6%±6.0%和26.8%±4.0%,w（TN）为37%±6.0%、36.6%±6.0%和24.0%±3.0%,PS-SFW_0.32、PS-SFW_0.56对氮的去除效能接近,但仍优于SFW₀.研究显示,PS-SFW运行条件应优选S/C为0.56、HRT为4 d.      

超滤膜深度处理煤制气废水的化学清洗研究

用实验室自制超滤膜系统深度处理煤制气废水。采用扫描电镜和能谱分析比较了质量为一定浓度均为0．5％的NaC10溶液（有效氯为5％）、NaOH溶液,HCl溶液对污染膜丝内表面滤饼层的静态浸泡效果。为进一步确定不同清洗剂的化学清洗效果,选用质量浓度为0．25％的NaOH溶液和0．25％的NaCl0溶液对污染膜组件进行了手动化学清洗并通过过滤纯水确定清洗效率。结果显示,NaC10溶液和NaOH溶液对滤饼层分别具有溶解和剥离作用,从而对滤饼层起到了去除作用;能谱分析显示采用这两种清洗剂后的膜丝内表面元素组成与原膜较为接近,SEM分析则显示二者在去除滤饼层的同时对膜袁面性状均有一定程度的改变;而经HCl溶液浸泡后的膜丝滤饼层未见去除,能谱分析显示此时膜丝内表面的元素组成与原膜有显著差异。手动化学清洗结果进一步显示,0．25％的NaCl0溶液对膜组件的清洗效率可达到97％。     

低成本含磷材料修复环境重金属污染的研究进展

低成本含磷材料包括磷灰石、骨粉、无机磷肥及无机磷酸盐，其对环境重金属污染的修复值得引起生态学、环境学更广泛的重视。详细介绍了：（1）各类低成本含磷材料结构性质；（2）含磷材料在修复土壤、沉积物、水体重金属污染方面的应用；（3）含磷材料修复环境重金属污染的机理及影响因素；（4）含磷材料修复环境重金属污染的效果评价等方面的研究进展及发展前景。