基于GIS的太湖流域暴雨洪涝灾害风险定量化研究

暴雨洪水灾害是威胁人类的区域重要气象灾害,暴雨风险研究具有重要的现实意义。在GIS/RS技术支撑下,采用AHP层次分析法和综合指数方法对太湖区域暴雨洪水风险压力进行了定量化研究。研究发现:①由于降水频度高危险性指数为5.5～7.1,湖西区属于重度危险到极度危险区;浦东浦西区危险性指数为4.5～5.5,属于中度危险到重度危险区;武澄锡区、阳澄淀泖区由于地势低洼,危险性指数为4.2～5.5,属于轻度危险到重度危险区;杭州湾北岸的杭嘉湖区、浙西区受径流影响,危险指数为2.3～4.8,属于微度危险到中度危险区。②上海的浦东、浦西区与苏州、无锡、常州、杭州、镇江的脆弱性指数为7～10,属于重度脆弱到极度脆弱区;张家港、常熟、太仓、昆山以及浙北地区的湖州、嘉兴等地脆弱性指数为4.8～7.0,属于中度脆弱到重度脆弱区;浙西的山区脆弱性指数为1～4.6,属于微度脆弱到轻度脆弱区。③太湖流域北岸的湖西区、武澄锡区、阳澄淀泖区以及浦东浦西区的综合风险指数较高;杭嘉湖区次之;浙西区综合风险最低。     

Removal of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in Taihu Lake using local soils. III. Factors affecting the removal efficiency and an in situ field experiment using chitosan-modified local soils

Effects of ionic strength, pH, organic content, cell concentration, and growth phase on the removal of MA cells using chitosan-modified sepiolite were studied in the laboratory. The MA removal efficiency increased with the increase of salinity for normal clay flocculation. In contrast, for chitosan-modified clays/soils, MA removal efficiency increased with the decrease of salinity. The removal efficiency of chitosan-modified sepiolite was not significantly affected by pH (6-9), but dropped dramatically beyond pH 10. Humic acid had a small negative effect on the removal of MA cells. Cells were removed more effectively by clays around the early senescence growth phase than other growth stages. The removal efficiency increased as the cell concentration increased. In a field enclosure of Taihu Lake, a loading of 0.025 g/L chitosan-modified local soils removed 99% algal cells and no increase of chlorophyll-a was observed during the following one month's monitoring process.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in an airlift intermittent circulation membrane bioreactor

A new airlift intermittent circulation integrated bioreactor was developed for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal of wastewater, in which, circulation of mixed liquid between mixing zone and aeration zone was realized by aeration power, alternately anaerobic/anoxic bio-environment in mixing zone was realized by intermittent circulation and simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal was obtained through strengthened denitrifying phosphorus removal process. Removal performance of the reactor was investigated and pollutant removal and transfer mechanism in one operation circle was analyzed. The experiment results indicated that under the influent condition of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 642.1 mg/L, total nitrogen (TN) of 87.4 mg/L and PO₄^3?-P of 12.1 mg/L, average removal efficiencies of COD, TN and PO₄^3?-P reached 96.4%, 83.2% and 90.5%, respectively, with the hydraulic residence time of 22 hr and operation circle time of 185 min. Track studies indicated that the separation of aeration and mixing zones and intermittent circulation of mixed liquid between the two zones provided distinct biological environments spatially and temporally, which ensured the occurrence of multifunctional microbial reactions.     

超声/过硫酸盐降解阿特拉津实验研究

在磷酸盐缓冲液(PB)中考察了特定条件下超声/过硫酸盐(US/PS)降解阿特拉津(又称莠去津,ATZ)的效果并对其降解机理及动力学进行了探讨.结果显示,在恒温水浴20℃的pH7的PB中,PS、ATZ浓度分别为200、0.928μmol/L,US强度为0.88 W/mL,反应时间为60 min时,US/PS对ATZ的降解...     

苏州市沙尘天气下灰霾污染规律研究

结合2010年苏州市出现的一次典型沙尘天气,利用环境空气自动监测数据、气象观测数据及后向轨迹模型等资料,对此次沙尘污染过程进行分析,探究苏州沙尘天气下灰霾污染的规律.结果表明:苏州沙尘天气主要是北方冷空气活动频繁,高空维持较强西北气流造成沙尘颗粒物长程传输造成的;沙尘影响过程中环境空气中可吸入颗粒物浓度明显升高,其他灰霾特征污染物也有所增长,大气能见度降低并伴随城市灰霾现象发生.     

牛粪发酵过程中抗生素耐药基因及相关菌群组成变化规律

随着规模化奶牛养殖迅速发展,牛粪带来的环境污染问题日益严重。实验探究牛粪及其堆肥过程中养分变化、抗生素耐药基因消减情况以及细菌群落演替规律,探讨细菌菌群与养分、抗生素耐药基因之间的相关性。采集牛粪及其堆肥过程样品,测定样品中养分、检测抗生素耐药基因相对丰度,采用16S r RNA高通量测序技术研究牛粪堆肥过程细菌群落变化。结果表明,从新鲜牛粪(组FM)到发酵牛粪(组C),样品中有机质含量下降,全氮和全磷含量有不同程度增加,全钾(TK)显著升高(P<0.05)。堆肥发酵后,抗生素耐药基因erm B、tet M、bla CTX-M和aac(6')-Ib-cr的相对丰度呈现不同程度的下降,而基因sul1相对丰度增加。高通量测序结果表明,在门水平,各组均以Firmicutes、Proteobacteria和Bacteroidetes这3个菌门为主,在属水平,各组具有不同的优势物种,其中发现Bacteroides、Paeniclostridium和Pseudomonas等7个潜在病原菌属的相对丰度在堆肥后有效降低。通过相关性分析发现,潜在病原菌属与基因tet M和sul1呈显著正相关(P<0.05),此外,大部分优势菌属与养分TK有显著相关性(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,牛粪经堆肥发酵后,病原菌相对丰度有效降低,抗生素耐药基因相对丰度的下降与细菌菌群结构变化存在相关关系。     

不同改性剂改善污泥土工性质的比较研究

选择了泥土、矿化垃圾、粉煤灰和建筑垃圾4种改性剂改性城市污水处理厂污泥(以下简称污泥)。结果表明:(1)随着4种改性剂与污泥的混合比增大,混合物含水率降低。(2)当混合比为0.7(质量比)时,各种混合物的抗压强度都达到50kPa的填埋要求;当混合比为0.3～1.0时,混合物的抗压强度随着混合比的增大呈指数形式增大;比较4种改性剂对抗压强度的增大能力,粉煤灰最强,建筑垃圾次之,泥土和矿化垃圾较弱。(3)在50kPa预压力下,混合物要达到不小于25kPa的抗剪强度,泥土与污泥最小混合比为1.0,矿化垃圾与污泥最小混合比为1.0,粉煤灰与污泥最小混合比为0.7,建筑垃圾与污泥最小混合比为0.7。(4)除加泥土的混合物外,混合物压缩系数随着混合比的增大呈总体下降趋势。(5)粉煤灰除臭效果最好,矿化垃圾次之,建筑垃圾较差,泥土最差。     

松花江表层沉积物重金属分布特征及风险评价

以2016年9月松花江干流16个采样点表层沉积物为对象,研究重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As的分布特征,采用因子分析法对其污染来源进行解析,采用地积累指数法及潜在生态危害指数法对不同干流段的重金属污染程度和生态风险进行评价。结果表明:松花江干流表层沉积物中6种重金属浓度总和为43.46~311.23 mg/kg,不同干流段6种重金属来源具有一定相似性,均来自工业、农业及生活混合源。嫩江干流和松花江主干流重金属污染程度表现为As>Pb>Cd>Cr>Cu>Zn,二松干流重金属污染程度表现为As>Pb>Cd>Cr=Zn>Cu,不同干流段重金属污染程度均表现为As>Pb>Cd>Cr。在嫩江干流、二松干流和松花江主干流,重金属潜在生态风险均表现为As>Cd>Pb>Cu>Cr>Zn;3个干流的风险指数(RI)分别为46.5~209.2、144.9~221.3和132.4~591.9,分属于低生态风险、中生态风险和中生态风险。     

非饱和渗流作用下云阳西城滑坡稳定性分析

基于非饱和土理论采用有限元法模拟了云阳西城滑坡在雨水入渗和库水位下降过程中暂态渗流场的变化,然后将计算得到的暂态孔隙水压力分布用于滑坡稳定性的极限平衡分析。同时,采用延伸的摩尔—库伦破坏准则以便考虑基质吸力对抗剪强度的贡献,计算了暴雨工况和库水位下降工况下的稳定性系数。研究结果表明:降雨引起的暂态渗流场对滑坡稳定性有明显的影响;考虑基质吸力对抗剪强度的贡献,会明显提高滑坡稳定性;由于该滑坡渗透系数较大,库水位下降引起的暂态渗流场对该滑坡稳定性系数的影响不如降雨引起暂态渗流场的明显;该滑坡主要受暴雨影响。     

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban atmosphere of Hong Kong

The assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has become a major issue of air quality network monitoring in Hong Kong. This study is aimed to identify, quantify and characterize volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in different urban areas in Hong Kong. The spatial distribution, temporal variation as well as correlations of VOCs at five roadside sampling sites were discussed. Twelve VOCs were routinely detected in urban areas (Mong Kok, Kwai Chung, Yuen Long and Causeway Bay). The concentrations of VOCs ranged from undetectable to 1396 microg/m3. Among all of the VOC species, toluene has the highest concentration. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) were the major constituents (more than 60% in composition of total VOC detected), mainly contributed from mobile sources. Similar to other Asian cities, the VOC levels measured in urban areas in Hong Kong were affected both by automobile exhaust and industrial emissions. High toluene to benzene ratios (average T/B ratio = 5) was also found in Hong Kong as in other Asian cities. In general, VOC concentrations in the winter were higher than those measured in the summer (winter to summer ratio > 1). As toluene and benzene were the major pollutants from vehicle exhausts, there is a necessity to tighten automobile emission standards in Hong Kong.