Fast increasing of surface ozone concentrations in Pearl River Delta characterized by a regional air quality monitoring network during 2006-2011

Based on the observation by a Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network including 16 monitoring stations, temporal and spatial variations of ozone(O3), NO2and total oxidant(Ox) were analyzed by both linear regression and cluster analysis. A fast increase of regional O3concentrations of 0.86 ppbV/yr was found for the annual averaged values from 2006 to 2011 in Guangdong, China. Such fast O3increase is accompanied by a correspondingly fast NOx reduction as indicated by a fast NO2 reduction rate of 0.61 ppbV/yr. Based on a cluster analysis, the monitoring stations were classified into two major categories – rural stations(non-urban) and suburban/urban stations. The O3concentrations at rural stations were relatively conserved while those at suburban/urban stations showed a fast increase rate of 2.0 ppbV/yr accompanied by a NO2 reduction rate of 1.2 ppbV/yr. Moreover, a rapid increase of the averaged O3 concentrations in springtime(13%/yr referred to 2006 level) was observed, which may result from the increase of solar duration, reduction of precipitation in Guangdong and transport from Eastern Central China. Application of smog production algorithm showed that the photochemical O3production is mainly volatile organic compounds(VOC)-controlled. However, the photochemical O3production is sensitive to both NOx and VOC for O3pollution episode. Accordingly, it is expected that a combined NOx and VOC reduction will be helpful for the reduction of the O3 pollution episodes in Pearl River Delta while stringent VOC emission control is in general required for the regional O3 pollution control.     

水稻秸秆生物炭对耕地土壤有机碳及其CO2释放的影响

为探究生物炭自身稳定性及其输入土壤后对于土壤本体有机碳的影响,本研究模拟自然条件,分别将500℃和700℃裂解的水稻秸秆生物炭(RBC500和RBC700)以0%(空白土壤)、3%、6%和100%(纯生物炭)的比例添加至耕地土壤进行室内培养实验,观测总有机碳(TOC)与易氧化态碳(EOC)含量的变化及CO2排放特征.结果表明,与空白土壤处理相比,土壤TOC、EOC含量均随水稻秸秆生物炭添加量的增加而升高;相同添加量条件下,RBC500对土壤TOC与EOC增加的贡献均高于RBC700.各处理土壤TOC含量在前30 d内均降低(最大降幅为15.8%),并于培养后期趋于稳定;土壤EOC含量在培养初30 d内均降低,当生物炭添加比例为3%和6%时,RBC500使土壤的EOC含量降幅分别为72.4%和81.7%,大于RBC700的61.3%和69.8%;培养结束时,添加相同裂解温度生物炭的土壤EOC值相近.培养前期土壤中EOC含量的下降可能与生物炭中易分解组分引起的矿化作用有关.在130 d培养期内,CO2累计排放量大小顺序为:土壤+生物炭混合处理<纯土壤处理<纯生物炭处理,可见,生物炭的土壤处理可以减少土壤CO2的排放,最大减排率可达41.05%.在一个长的时间尺度内,生物炭的土壤处理有利于土壤碳的固定.生物炭施用于土壤可作为碳储存载体.     

宝鸡市经济增长与环境空气综合污染指数关系研究

文章以空气综合污染指数法分析了宝鸡市2006年-2011年的环境空气质量状况,分析结果表明宝鸡市环境空气质量逐年变好。以人均GDP为经济指标,以空气综合污染指数为环境指标,建立经济增长与环境空气质量之间的计量模型,进行环境库兹涅茨曲线实证研究。研究结果表明,宝鸡市经济增长和环境空气质量的关系符合库兹涅茨曲线"拐点"后的下降部分。证明该市2006年-2011年的环境空气质量与人均GDP处于良性发展状态。     

农村生活污水处理技术的应用效果及其经济性分析研究——以重庆地区为例

为了解农村生活污水处理技术在应用过程中的效果.以重庆地区为例,对重庆市63个村庄的生活污水处理设施进行了调查.根据出水水质和建设成本,对村庄常用的污水处理技术进行经济技术综合比较分析.结果表明,无动力人工湿地较为经济,应用效果并不理想,在经济条件比较薄弱的地区可作为过渡型处理技术加以应用;渠道式生态沟投资较昂贵,不推荐使用;一体化设备投资昂贵,运行管理简单,在经济条件较好的地区可以考虑使用.     

水力负荷对厌氧氨氧化反应器运行影响的研究

采用一套有效容积为4.46 L的UASB-ANAMMOX反应器,通过对水力负荷进行3个阶段的调节,研究水力停留时间对ANAMMOX反应器处理效果的影响.3个阶段的水力负荷分别为0.20～0.25、0.38～0.43、0.16～0.20 L/(Ld).在试验过程中,水力负荷的冲击对NH 4-N、NO-2-N的去除率影响明显.其中水力负荷为0.20～0.25 L/(L·d)时,NH 4-N、NO-2-N去除率都能达到99%以上;当水力负荷为0.38～0.43 L/(L·d)时,NH 4-N、NO-2-N去除率分别降至64%和62%;当水力负荷为0.16～0.20 L/(L·d)时,NH 4-N、NO-2-N去除率立刻分别回升至94%和97%.ANAMMOX反应过程中,NO-2-N和NH 4-N的去除量比值基本在1.3∶1.0左右变化,ANAMMOX反应的优势菌种代谢在运行过程中会将一部分NO-2-N转化为NO-3-N,水力负荷的改变对NO-3-N的出水浓度影响不大;但NO-3-N日生成量与水力负荷的大小成正比.试验表明,UASB-ANAMMOX反应器对水力负荷冲击有较强的抵抗力,但是仍会造成一定量的ANAMMOX反应的优势菌流失,使该反应器在短时间内不能恢复最佳的去除效果.     

计算机模拟研究UO2+2在人体细胞液的形态分布

建立了由多种金属离子和小分子配体组成的多相细胞液热力学平衡模型.模拟研究了UO2 2在组织液和细胞液的形态分布及CO2-3、氨三乙酸（NTA）和乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）浓度对细胞液中UO2 2形态分布的影响.在组织液中,正常生理pH下,当各形态UO2 2总摩尔浓度 [U]= 1.0×10-6 mol/L 或[U]=1.0×10-3 mol/L时,UO2 2均主要以[UO2(CO3)3]4-和[UO2(CO3)2]2-形态存在.在细胞液中,当[U]=1.0×10-6 mol/L时,UO2 2主要以[UO2(CO3)3]4-和[UO2(CO3)2]2-存在;当[U]=1.0×10-3 mol/L,pH为6.0～6.8时,细胞液中存在大量的固相(UO2)3(PO4)2·4H2O,当pH为6.8～7.4时,UO2 2主要以[UO2(CO3)3]4-、[UO2(CO3)2]2-和[(UO2)2CO3(OH)3]-存在.细胞液中(UO2)3(PO4)2·4H2O含量随[U]升高而增加.通过调节细胞液pH和增加细胞液CO2-3浓度均能降低其固相UO2 2配合物含量.在细胞液中增加NTA会增加(UO2)3(PO4)2·4H2O含量,当添加EDTA时会显著降低(UO2)3(PO4)2·4H2O含量.     

典型铬渣简易掩埋场铬渣及土壤铬污染特征和处置分析

通过钻孔采样分析,研究了典型铬渣简易掩埋场地下铬渣及土壤铬中Cr6 、总Cr的分布特征和污染状况,结果表明,铬渣简易掩埋场铬污染程度严重,引起了周边和地下深部较大面积的土壤污染,深度达到了地下的基岩.铬含量在土壤层剖面中分布呈现规律性变化,即随土壤深度增加,Cr6 、总Cr含量逐渐下降,但绝大多数超过了危险废物毒性鉴别标准.从铬污染程度上看,总体上存在铬渣>土壤>人工填土.在此基础上,提出了铬渣及污染土壤的处置方式,为铬渣污染治理和资源化利用提供科学依据.     

地震台站体应变观测资料处理系统简介

介绍了新近研制的地震台站体应变观测资料的日常处理系统 ;简要地介绍了该系统及其数据库的结构以及各功能模块的作用。     

Distribution of elements in needles of Pinus massoniana (Lamb.) was uneven and affected by needle age

Macronutrients (P, S, K, Na, Mg, Ca), heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cd,) and Al concentrations as well as values of Ca/Al in the tip, middle and base sections, and sheaths of current year and previous year needles of Pinus massoniana from Xiqiao Mountain were analyzed and the distribution patterns of those elements were compared. The results indicated that many elements were unevenly distributed among the different components of needles. Possible deficiency of P, K, Ca, Mn and Al toxicity occurred in needles under air pollution. Heavy metals may threaten the health of Masson pine. Needle sheaths were good places to look for particulate pollutants, in this case including Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd and Al.     

Heavy metals in bark of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus massoniana</Emphasis> (Lamb.) as an indicator of atmospheric deposition near a smeltery at Qujiang,China

Goal, Scope and Background Rapid urbanization and the expansion of industrial activities in the past several decades have led to large increases in emissions of pollutants in the Pearl River Delta of south China. Recent reports have suggested that industrial emission is a major factor contributing to the damages in current natural ecosystem in the Delta area. Tree barks have been used successfully to monitor the levels of atmospheric metal deposition in many areas, but rarely in China. This study aimed at determining whether atmospheric heavy metal deposition from a Pb-Zn smeltery at Qujiang, Guangdong province, could be accurately reflected both in the inner bark and the outer bark of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.). The impact of the emission from smeltery on the soils beneath the trees and the relationships of the concentrations between the soils and the barks were also analyzed. Methods Barks around the bole of Pinus massoniana from a pine forest near a Pb-Zn smeltery at Qujiang and a reference forest at Dinghushan natural reserve were sampled with a stainless knife at an average height of 1.5 m above the ground. Mosses and lichens on the surface barks were cleaned prior to sampling. The samples were carefully divided into the inner bark (living part) and the outer bark (dead part) in the laboratory, and dried and ground, respectively. After being dry-ashed, the powder of the barks was dissolved in HNO₃. The solutions were analyzed for iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) by inductively coupled plasmas emission spectrometry (ICP, PS-1000AT, USA) and Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS, ZEENIT 60, Germany). Surface soils (0–10 cm) beneath the sample trees were also collected and analyzed for the selected metals. Results and Discussion Concentrations of the selected metals in soils at Qujiang were far above their environmental background values in the area, except for Fe and Mn, whilst at Dinghushan, they were far below their background values, except for Cd and Co. Levels of the metals, in particular Pb and Zn, in the soils beneath the sample trees at Qujiang were higher than those at Dinghushan with statistical significance. The result suggested that the pine forest soils at Qujiang had a great input of heavy metals from wet and dry atmospheric deposition, with the Pb-Zn smeltery most probably being the source. Levels of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ni and Pb at Qujiang, both in the inner and the outer bark, were statistically higher than those at Dinghushan. Higher concentrations of Pb, Fe, Zn and Cu may come from the stem-flow of elements leached from the canopy, soil splash on the 1.5 m height and sorption of metals in the mosses and lichens growing on the bark, which were direct or indirect results from the atmospheric deposition. Levels of heavy metals in the outer barks were associated well with the metal concentrations in the soil, reflecting the close relationships between the metal atmospheric deposition and their accumulation in the outer bark of Masson pine. The significant (p<0.01) correlations of Fe-Cu, Fe-Cr, Fe-Pb, Fe-Ni, Pb-Ni, and Pb-Zn in the outer barks at Qujiang again suggested a common source for the metals. The correlation only occurred between Pb and Ni, Cd and Co in the outer barks at Dinghushan, which suggested that those metals must possibly have other uncommon sources. Conclusions Atmospheric deposition of the selected metals was great at Qujiang, based on the levels in the bark of Pinus massoniana and on the concentrations in the soils beneath the trees compared with that at Dinghushan. Bark of Pinus massoniana, especially the outer bark, was an indicator of metal loading at least at the time of sampling. Recommendations and Perspectives The results from this study and the techniques employed constituted a new contribution to the development of biogeochemical methods for environmental monitoring particularly in areas with high frequency of pollution in China. The method would be of value for follow up studies aimed at the assessment of industrial pollution in other areas similar with the Pearl River Delta.