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241.
242.
Phylogenetics of American scallops (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) based on partial 16S and 12S ribosomal RNA gene sequences 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Pectinids constitute one of the most conspicuous groups of marine bivalves, and include some of the most important species from the point of view of fisheries and aquaculture. In spite of this, their systematics and evolution are not well understood. Only two molecular phylogenetic analyses based on relatively wide taxonomic samplings have been published. These studies largely neglected American species, some of which are central for testing current models of pectinid evolution and diversification, or are commercially valuable. We have sequenced 820 nucleotide base pairs of the 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes in nine species of pectinids belonging to six genera living along American coasts. Sequences from homologous regions of 19 other species were gathered from public databases. We constructed phylogenetic maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood trees of this set of 28 taxa. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that Crassadoma is polyphyletic, and cementation to the substrate as a life habit could have appeared independently in two geographic chlamydinid lineages. Nodipecten is placed in the subfamily Pectininae, and the suspected close relationship of Amusium, Euvola and Pecten within this subfamily is also supported. Zygochlamys patagonica appears in the Chlamydinae subfamily, as expected. The existence of a separate subfamily Palliolinae is suggested but not supported statistically. The position of Argopecten, Aequipecten and Flexopecten within the subfamily Pectinidae, suggested by a recent study, could not be confirmed, and we argue that it could be due to a combination of long branch attraction and incomplete sequencing. 相似文献
243.
Joseph M. Wunderle Jr. María Santa Castro N. Fetcher 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1987,21(4):249-255
Summary Adult bananaquits on negative energy budgets were presented with a patch containing two flower types with identical mean rewards, but different variances. The flower patch contained a random array of 85 yellow and 85 red artificial flowers. Flowers of one color were filled with the same quantity of nectar (constant flowers); flowers of the other color were filled with variable quantities of nectar (variable flowers). In the first series of experiments the birds were given three presentations, followed by three more presentations with the flower colors reversed, to control for color preferences. Some individuals were occasionally indifferent during a presentation, but overall the birds significantly preferred the constant flowers. In the second series of experiments two birds were give five presentations of the floral patch during a day at a rate less than minimally required to meet all 24-h energy costs. In all experiments, bananaquits on negative energy budgets were either indifferent or risk-averse, but never risk-prone. The absence of risk-prone foraging might be attributed to resource dispersion pattern, reward skew, or a species characteristic. 相似文献
244.
The structure of megabenthic decapod crustacean assemblages on the Galician (north-west Spain) continental shelf (100 to
200 depth) and upper slope (200 to 500 m) was analyzed based on surveys carried out in autumn and spring, from 1980 to 1987.
Forty species belonging to 19 families were caught. The portunid crab Polybius henslowii, a species with pelagic phases, was the most abundant species, but displayed strong spatial and temporal fluctuations. Other
dominant species were the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus, the portunid Liocarcinus depurator, the galatheids Munida intermedia and M. sarsi, and the shrimps Solenocera membranacea, Plesionika heterocarpus, Pasiphaea sivado and Dichelopandalus bonnieri. Total abundance and biomass (average values excluding Polybius henslowii = 255 individuals and 2.06 kg/30 min tow) and species richness and diversity, H′ (6.85 species and H′ = 1.45 per tow) displayed a significant positive correlation with depth, and strong interannual fluctuations. The factors
determining community organization were depth and, to a lesser extent, spatial structure. There was clear evidence of bathymetric
zonation, differentiating between species characteristic of the slope (D. bonnieri and Pasiphaea sivado), shelf-slope edge (Macropipus tuberculatus, Pontophilus spinosus, Munida sarsi, S. membranacea, Processa spp.) and shelf (L. depurator, Macropodia tenuirostris, Paguridae and Chlorotocus crassicornis). The spatial zonation was related to changes in oceanography and sediment along the continental margin. Goneplax rhomboides, N. norvegicus, C. crassicornis and Alpheus glaber are benthic species which generally exhibit burrowing behaviour, and they were found mainly in the southern area where there
are fine sediments due to the outwelling from the Rías Baixas. Different benthopelagic shrimps (Pontophilus spinosus, Plesionika heterocarpus,Processa spp. and Pasiphaea sivado) were typical of the zone just north of Fisterra, characterized by a convergence of water masses bringing about an increase
in productivity due to upwelling. The benthic anomuran and brachyuran crabs Munida intermedia, M.␣sarsi, L.␣depurator and Macropipus tuberculatus were characteristic of the northwestern zone between Fisterra and Estaca, where the infauna reaches high biomass despite
coarser sediments with a lower concentration of organic material than in the southern area. Lastly, both the Paguridae and
Macropodia tenuirostris were species typically found in the waters in the northern shelf. Based on interannual changes in assemblage structure, two
periods could be distinguished: between 1980 and 1984, when Polybius henslowii, D. bonnieri and Pasiphaea sivado had abundance peaks; and another period from 1985 to 1987 when L. depurator, Munida intermedia, M.␣sarsi and Macropipus tuberculatus increased in abundance.
Received: 21 May 1996 / Accepted: 9 August 1996 相似文献
245.
Elie Gaget Diego Pavón-Jordán Alison Johnston Aleksi Lehikoinen Wesley M. Hochachka Brett K. Sandercock Alaaeldin Soultan Hichem Azafzaf Nadjiba Bendjedda Taulant Bino Luka Božič Preben Clausen Mohamed Dakki Koen Devos Cristi Domsa Vitor Encarnação Kiraz Erciyas-Yavuz Sándor Faragó Teresa Frost Clemence Gaudard Lívia Gosztonyi Fredrik Haas Menno Hornman Tom Langendoen Christina Ieronymidou Vasiliy A. Kostyushin Lesley J. Lewis Svein-Håkon Lorentsen Leho Luigujõe Włodzimierz Meissner Tibor Mikuska Blas Molina Zuzana Musilová Viktor Natykanets Jean-Yves Paquet Nicky Petkov Danae Portolou Jozef Ridzoň Samir Sayoud Marko Šćiban Laimonas Sniauksta Antra Stīpniece Nicolas Strebel Norbert Teufelbauer Goran Topić Danka Uzunova Andrej Vizi Johannes Wahl Marco Zenatello Jon E. Brommer 《Conservation biology》2021,35(3):834-845
Climate warming is driving changes in species distributions and community composition. Many species have a so-called climatic debt, that is, shifts in range lag behind shifts in temperature isoclines. Inside protected areas (PAs), community changes in response to climate warming can be facilitated by greater colonization rates by warm-dwelling species, but also mitigated by lowering extirpation rates of cold-dwelling species. An evaluation of the relative importance of colonization-extirpation processes is important to inform conservation strategies that aim for both climate debt reduction and species conservation. We assessed the colonization-extirpation dynamics involved in community changes in response to climate inside and outside PAs. To do so, we used 25 years of occurrence data of nonbreeding waterbirds in the western Palearctic (97 species, 7071 sites, 39 countries, 1993–2017). We used a community temperature index (CTI) framework based on species thermal affinities to investigate species turnover induced by temperature increase. We determined whether thermal community adjustment was associated with colonization by warm-dwelling species or extirpation of cold-dwelling species by modeling change in standard deviation of the CTI (CTISD). Using linear mixed-effects models, we investigated whether communities in PAs had lower climatic debt and different patterns of community change than communities outside PAs. For CTI and CTISD combined, communities inside PAs had more species, higher colonization, lower extirpation, and lower climatic debt (16%) than communities outside PAs. Thus, our results suggest that PAs facilitate 2 independent processes that shape community dynamics and maintain biodiversity. The community adjustment was, however, not sufficiently fast to keep pace with the large temperature increases in the central and northeastern western Palearctic. Our results underline the potential of combining CTI and CTISD metrics to improve understanding of the colonization-extirpation patterns driven by climate warming. 相似文献
246.
247.
模拟氮沉降对苗圃地土壤动物群落的影响 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
通过人工喷施氮H4NO3建立了一个模拟氮沉降增加梯度系列,在近18个月的试验处理期间,研究了2003年7月、10月和2004年2月、5月这几个不同季度苗圃试验样地土壤动物群落对氮沉降增加的响应。实验分为5个处理组:对照、低氮、中氮、高氮和倍高氮,分别接受0、5、10、15、30g/(m2·a)的氮沉降量。土壤细菌和真菌的数量总体上随氮处理的加强而持续显著地增长,土壤有机氮含量也持续升高,土壤酸度则不断下降。采样期对土壤动物的个体数量、类群丰度和多样性存在显著的影响,总的来说,土壤动物群落随试验处理期加长而持续增长。土壤动物群落具有显著的垂直分异特征,土壤I层土壤动物个体数量、类群丰度和多样性显著高于II和III层。氮沉降增加对土壤动物群落有明显的影响,表现为施氮处理明显有利于土壤动物群落的发展,但也具有明显的阀值效应。与对照样地相比,各施氮处理样地土壤动物群落水平整体为高,而且随试验处理时间的增加这种差异有加大的趋势;氮沉降增加处理与取样期之间存在显著的交互作用,除了2月取样,中氮处理土壤动物群落水平都处于最高水平,而对照处理一般处于最低水平,这种趋势在最后一次取样中最为明显;氮沉降处理与土壤动物的垂直分布之间也有明显的交互作用:在土壤I层,从对照至倍高氮处理,土壤动物群 相似文献
248.
María?Soledad RomeroEmail author Carlos?S.?Gallardo Gilda?Bellolio 《Marine Biology》2004,145(4):681-692
Oviposition and embryonic-larval development are described for the muricacean snail Thais (Stramonita) chocolata from the Southeast Pacific coast. As with numerous other muricacean snails, this species engages in communal egg laying, with females depositing egg capsules in clusters on subtidal rocks. Each cluster of capsules contains 100–150 pedunculate, ampulliform egg capsules, with each capsule containing an average of 2,600 small (130 m) eggs. Intracapsular development was followed using light and scanning electron microscopy to describe the successive embryonic stages of the species. Free-swimming veliger larvae of about 225 m length were released from capsules after 49 days incubation at 13.6°C. The planktotrophic larvae were cultured in seawater aquaria by feeding with pure cultures of phytoplankton, recording growth and form of the larvae. Larvae reached competence after 4 months at 22°C, at 1,450–1,740 m in size, and a few larvae were observed through metamorphosis and early definitive growth. The embryonic-larval development of T. chocolata coincides with the general characteristics of the ontogeny observed in other Thais species as well as of other genera of the Rapaninae such as Concholepas. This lent support to grouping these genera into a single clade. The lack of knowledge of the development of free larvae of Thais spp. means that we do not know whether these similarities also include an extensive larval phase as generally characteristic of other members of the clade. The mode of development may be useful in characterizing some clades of this family. Thus for example, the transference of some Thais to the genus Nucella (Subfamily Ocenebrinae) is supported by differences in the mode of embryonic development, which differentiates these subfamilies. Paleobiological data reported for Neogastropoda allow postulation of primitiveness in planktotrophic larval development compared to more recent developmental strategies such as direct development of different types, which characterize various clades of this family.Communicated by O. Kinne, Oldendorf/Luhe 相似文献
249.
With the aim of improving the formulation of diets for early stages of marine fish, post-larval Hippoglossus hippoglossus (56 days after first feeding; 23 mg dry weight) were tube-fed liquid diets of radiolabelled L-(14C) free amino acids (FAA diet), peptides (PEPT diet) and protein (PROT diet), in order to compare the kinetics of transfer from gut into the liver and carcass. The test diets were prepared using equal concentrations of amino acids (AA) and fed as a single pulse (0.3 µl, 2.2 µg AA). The PROT diet consisted of methylated-14C-labelled (mainly lysine) bovine serum albumin (BSA), the PEPT diet was the PROT diet digested with trypsin and the FAA diet consisted of an amino acid mixture based on BSA composition with added 14C-lysine. The common labelling with 14C-lysine permitted a comparison of the three diets. Based on dissection and distribution of the tracer in each compartment, the FAA diet was almost completely absorbed 1 h after the tube-feeding; PEPT and PROT diets required more time before they were processed by the digestive tract. The FAA diet was absorbed about eight times as fast as protein and about six times as fast as peptides from the gut. A low retention of label in the liver for all diets at all sampling times suggests that the liver does not store the AA at these absorption rates. The FAA diet had a higher assimilation efficiency (about 90%) than the PEPT diet (about 12%) and PROT diet (about 32%). FAAs, thus, appear to be superior to protein and peptides as a dietary source of amino acids in post-larval Atlantic halibut. 相似文献
250.
Martin Plath Katja U. Heubel Francisco J. García de León Ingo Schlupp 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2005,58(2):144-151
We examined the preference of Atlantic molly females (Poecilia mexicana) to associate with a well-fed or a starved male in simultaneous choice tests. Females from three different populations were tested in three treatments: (1) the females could choose on the basis of multiple cues from the males (visual plus non-visual); (2) only non-visual cues could be perceived in darkness, (3) only visual cues were presented. The three tested populations differ clearly in their ecology: one population occurs in a typical river habitat, the second one in a milky sulfur creek outside a cave, and the third population occurs in a cave habitat (cave molly). In the river-dwelling population, females never showed a preference. In the population from the sulfur creek, females preferred to associate with the well-nourished male when visual cues from the males were available. Only cave molly females exhibited a strong preference for well-nourished males in all treatments. A morphological comparison demonstrated that wild-caught males from river habitats are typically in a good nutritional state. In the sulfur creek, males showed signs of starvation. Cave molly males were in an even worse nutritional state. In the cave population, saturated males probably indicate high fitness, thereby driving the evolution of the preference for good male nutritional state.Communicated by K. Lindström 相似文献