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161.
162.
Application of GC-MS/MS for the analysis of PCDD/Fs in sewage effluents 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
The application of high resolution gas chromatography in combination with tandem mass spectrometry in an ion trap was tested to substitute the expensive high resolution mass spectrometry in analysing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans in sewage effluents. In tandem mass spectrometry, a set of parameters has to be optimised in order to attain the required sensitivity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a method development for analysing PCDD/Fs with GC-MS/MS in an ion trap is described in this detail. Nine parameters are varied, including isolation window, collision induced dissociation (CID) amplitude, CID time, acquisition mass range, broadband amplitude, CID bandwidth, modulation range, filament current and ion trap temperature. This technique can be adapted to other analytes. By this optimisation, limits of detection of 0.01-0.05 ng/l are obtained. With its selectivity and sensitivity, tandem mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for the determination of PCDD/Fs in water samples. 55 sewage effluent samples from Germany were analysed. 相似文献
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Min Zhu Fan Lü Li-Ping Hao Pin-Jing He Li-Ming Shao 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(7):2042-2050
In this study, the effects of micro-aeration and liquid recirculation on the hydrolysis of vegetable and flower wastes during two-phase solid–liquid anaerobic digestion were assessed. To accomplish this, we evaluated the hydrolysis of five batches of waste that were treated under the following conditions: anaerobic, insufficient micro-aeration (aeration for 5 min every 24 h), and sufficient micro-aeration (aeration for 5 min every 12, 4 and 1 h). Hydrolysis was found to depend on the level of micro-aeration. Specifically, insufficient micro-aeration led to unstable and decreased performance. Conversely, sufficient micro-aeration promoted the hydrolysis of easily biodegradable carbohydrates and proteins, but the microbial activity was later impaired by liquid recirculation using methanogenic effluent. The hydrolysis efficiency under anaerobic conditions was comparable to the efficiency observed under sufficient micro-aeration, while the cumulative TOC of the anaerobic batch was 1.4–2.4 times higher than that of the micro-aerated batches. In addition, liquid recirculation did not have a negative effect on the development of microbial activity under anaerobic conditions, which resulted in the lignocelluloses having a higher hydrolysis efficiency. 相似文献
166.
This article analyses, using Bayesian networks, the circumstances surrounding workplace tasks performed using auxiliary equipment (ladders, scaffolding, etc.) that may result in falls. The information source was a survey of employees working at a height. We were able to determine the usefulness of this approach – innovative in the accident research field – in identifying the causes that have the greatest bearing on accidents involving auxiliary equipment: in these cases, the adoption of incorrect postures during work and a worker’s inadequate knowledge of safety regulations. Likewise, the duration of tasks was also associated with both these variables, and therefore, with the accident rate. Bayesian networks also enable dependency relationships to be established between the different causes of accidents. This information – which is not usually furnished by conventional statistical methods applied in the field of labour risk prevention – allow a causality model to be defined for workplace accidents in a more realistic way. With this statistic tool, the expert is also provided with useful information that can be input to a management model for labour risk prevention. 相似文献
167.
采用MBR-超滤-反渗透(MBR-UF-RO)组合工艺深度处理化学合成橡胶生产废水。MBR单元水力停留时间(HRT)为5 h,处理生产废水水量1 181 m3/d,进水CODCr为158~451 mg/L(平均258 mg/L),出水CODCr为5~101 mg/L(平均31 mg/L),出水浊度小于0.2 NTU,出水水质满足超滤进水水质要求。每15天交替进行高、低浓度在线化学清洗可有效控制MBR膜污染。MBR出水与430 m3/d的循环冷却排污水混合后进行超滤和反渗透处理,反渗透出水电导率稳定在30~45 μS/cm,满足企业回用冷却水水质要求。整套废水处理系统废污水回用率为62.8%,回用水的制水成本为4.34元/m3。 相似文献
168.
Caffeic acid, rosmarinic acid, rutin, apigenin 7-O-glucoside, apigenin, and acesetin were the main phenolic compounds of Origanum onites extracts in all applications. While acesetin contents ranged from 133.59 mg/100 g (U1) to 437.25 mg/100 g (S3), rosmarinic acid changed between 215.94 mg/100 g (U4) and 1120.56 mg/100 g (S2) in Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link) Ietsw. Both rosmarinic acid and acesetin were not found in U5 application. Only caffeic acid (19.39 mg/100 g) was found in U5 application. Rosmarinic acid contents of O. onites extract changed between 158.62 mg/100 g (U5) and 799.87 mg/100 g (S2). Generally, dominant phenolic compound of Origanum extracts was rosmarinic acid compared with other extracts. In addition, methanol:water:acetic acid mixture (S2) (95:4.5:0.5) was found as the best application. Phenolic contents of extracts obtained with U series mixtures were found low. 相似文献
169.
Rosaleen Duffy Freya A. V. St John Bram Büscher Dan Brockington 《Conservation biology》2016,30(1):14-22
Conservation organizations have increasingly raised concerns about escalating rates of illegal hunting and trade in wildlife. Previous studies have concluded that people hunt illegally because they are financially poor or lack alternative livelihood strategies. However, there has been little attempt to develop a richer understanding of the motivations behind contemporary illegal wildlife hunting. As a first step, we reviewed the academic and policy literatures on poaching and illegal wildlife use and considered the meanings of poverty and the relative importance of structure and individual agency. We placed motivations for illegal wildlife hunting within the context of the complex history of how wildlife laws were initially designed and enforced to indicate how hunting practices by specific communities were criminalized. We also considered the nature of poverty and the reasons for economic deprivation in particular communities to indicate how particular understandings of poverty as material deprivation ultimately shape approaches to illegal wildlife hunting. We found there is a need for a much better understanding of what poverty is and what motivates people to hunt illegally. 相似文献
170.
Özer Betül Yay Aliye Suna Erses 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(45):63867-63877
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Waste-to-energy approaches are becoming increasingly important around the world, and municipal solid waste (MSW) as a renewable and sustainable energy... 相似文献