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601.
602.
603.
Werner Brack Michaela Hein Stefan Jansen und Peter von der Ohe 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》2007,19(3):A6
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
604.
Laturnus Frank von Arnold Karin Grn Christian 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(1):53-60
Goal, Scope and Background Sewage sludge produced in wastewater treatment contains large amounts of organic matter and nutrients and could, therefore,
be suitable as fertiliser. However, with the sludge, besides heavy metals and pathogenic bacteria, a variety of organic contaminants
can be added to agricultural fields. Whether the organic contaminants from the sludge can have adverse effects on human health
and wildlife if these compounds enter the food chain or groundwater still remains a point of controversial discussion.
Main Features This paper presents an overview on the present situation in Europe and a summary of some recent results on the possible uptake
of organic contaminants by crops after addition to agricultural fields by sewage sludge.
Results Greenhouse experiments and field trials were performed to study the degradation and uptake of organic micro-contaminants in
sludge-amended agricultural soil in crops, such as barley and carrots grown in agricultural soil amended with anaerobically-treated
sewage sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, but studies hitherto have revealed no immediate risks. Common sludge contaminants
such as linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS), nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPE), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), bis(diethylhexyl)
phthalate (DEHP), showed neither accumulation in soil nor uptake in plants.
Discussion It is assumed that the annual amount of sewage sludge produced in Europe will increase in the future, mainly due to larger
amounts of high quality drinking water needed by an increasing population and due to increasing demands for cleaner sewage
water. Application of sewage sludge to agricultural soils is sustainable and economical due to nutrient cycling and disposal
of sewage sludge. However, this solution also involves risks with respect to the occurrence of organic contaminants and other
potentially harmful contents such as pathogens and heavy metals present in the sludge. There have been concerns that organic
contaminants may accumulate in the soil, be taken up by plants and thereby transferred to humans via the food chain. Results
obtained so far revealed, however, no immediate risk of accumulation of common organic sludge contaminants in soil or uptake
in plants when applying sewage sludge to agricultural soil. With very high dosages of sewage sludge, there may be a risk for
accumulation of very apolar contaminants, such as DEHP, to the soil.
Conclusions Any conclusions on the safe use of sewage sludge in agriculture have to be drawn carefully, as the studies performed until
now have been limited. Further studies are required, and before final statements can be drawn, it is imminent to study a larger
variety of common crops and the effect sewage sludge application may have on a possible accumulation of organic contaminants
in the crops. Furthermore, a larger variety of organic contaminants need to be studied and special focus should be given to
contaminants newly introduced into the environment. Besides investigating possible plant uptake of organic contaminants, the
fate of these compounds in soil after sludge application need to be monitored too. Here, special attention has to begiven
to studies on degradation and the formation of degradation products, to weathering and to leaching effects on groundwater,
to the application of different crops on the same field (crop rotation), to the use of full-width tillage and strip tillage,
and to long term application of sewage sludge on the soil.
Recommendations and Perspectives There are environmental, political as well as economical incentives to increase the agricultural application of sludge. However,
such usage should be performed with care as there are also ways in which sludge fertilisation could harm the environment and
human health. Recently, a new European COST Action (859) has been established covering the field of food safety and improved
food quality. Part of the Action is dealing with the application of sewage sludge in agriculture. Before any political and
economical measures can be taken, the pros and cons have to be sufficiently investigated on a scientific level first.
ESS-Submission Editor: Prof. Elena Maestri (elena.maestri@unipr.it) 相似文献
605.
606.
Julia Wohlers-Z?llner Antje Biermann Anja Engel Petra D?rge Aleksandra M. Lewandowska Markus von Scheibner Ulf Riebesell 《Marine Biology》2012,159(11):2503-2518
A comparative analysis of data, obtained during four indoor-mesocosm experiments with natural spring plankton communities from the Baltic Sea, was conducted to investigate whether biogeochemical cycling is affected by an increase in water temperature of up to 6?°C above present-day conditions. In all experiments, warming stimulated in particular heterotrophic bacterial processes and had an accelerating effect on the temporal development of phytoplankton blooms. This was also mirrored in the build-up and partitioning of organic matter between particulate and dissolved phases. Thus, warming increased both the magnitude and rate of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) build-up, whereas the accumulation of particulate organic carbon (POC) and phosphorus (POP) decreased with rising temperature. In concert, the observed temperature-mediated changes in biogeochemical components suggest strong shifts in the functioning of marine pelagic food webs and the ocean’s biological carbon pump, hence providing potential feedback mechanisms to Earth’s climate system. 相似文献
607.
Thomas Hofer Hartmut Nies Stephan Gollasch Rolf von Ostrowski 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2007,19(4):219-225
Background and Scope
The marine shipping lanes have become the most important path for the invasion of foreign aquatic organisms. The increasing global trade results in an increase in the number of marine vessels. Without any protective measures, with every ship carrying foreign organisms the risk of biological invasions will rise.Results
The International Martime Organization (IMO) of the United Nations developed a convention to reduce the transfer of organisms with ballast water. After the entry-into-force of this convention the fleet of the world has to be equipped with effective ballast water management technology before 2016. This article discusses potential options for action. To comply with the limit values of the ballast water convention, the current state of the art demands the use of active substances. Any decision on the approval of active substances used for ballast water treatment and the environmental impact assessment lies with the IMO. Proposed to day are UV-radiation, active chlorine, active oxygen, the creation of biocides through electrolysis and a change in gases contained in the ballast water. The technologies and the potential risks are presented.Conclusions
Despite the introduction of an approval procedure by IMO any reliable assessment of the real risks involved in the use of biocides is impossible, as the risk assessment approaches have still to be developed. On the regulatory level, the main focus in data requirements for the risk assessment is on a comprehensive testing of the toxic potential of the biocides proposed. Strategies for the identification and evaluation of the chemical resulting from the treatment of limnic, marine and brackish water are not fully developed. An integrating assessment of risks involved in the introduction of foreign organisms versus the toxic effects of the substances used or created during treatment is still missing. 相似文献608.
609.
A. Guenther G. Kowalski N. von Engelhardt 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(10):1661-1667
The prenatal social environment affects offspring development in most studied taxa with potentially lifelong consequences. To understand the adaptive significance of such maternal influences on offspring development, it is important to study their effects on fitness. In guinea pigs, social instability during pregnancy leads to delayed development of male offspring. This has been interpreted as an adaptation to high social densities, where young males need to queue for reproductive opportunities since they cannot out-compete older dominant males. The consequences for male reproductive success are, however, so far unknown. To study the effects of different prenatal social densities on offspring reproductive performance, we housed females individually or in small groups during late pregnancy. Offspring from both treatments were reared together in large groups until independence and thereafter housed in same-sex pairs of the same treatment. We then observed courtship, aggressive behavior, and reproductive success in a low-density context with one male from each treatment competing over access to two females. Sons born to individually housed females initiated more fights, had more social contacts, courted females more, and had a higher reproductive success than sons of group-housed females. Sons born to mothers experiencing low social densities before birth therefore perform better at low social group sizes, suggesting that male development may be adaptively adjusted to anticipated social densities, although performance under high densities still needs to be compared. 相似文献
610.
Maximilian von Fragstein Gerrit Holighaus Stefan Schütz Teja Tscharntke 《Chemoecology》2013,23(3):181-190
Predatory arthropods are attracted to infochemicals emitted by their herbivore prey or by the prey’s host plants. We studied such a tritrophic system measuring the olfactory responses of three potter wasp species (Symmorphus murarius, Symmorphus gracilis, Discoelius zonalis, Hymenoptera: Eumeninae) to salicylaldehyde, sequestered as a defence compound by Chrysomela leaf beetle larvae when feeding on Salicaceae, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by aspen (Populus tremula, Salicaceae). In electroantennographic recordings (EAG), the highly specialized S. murarius that almost exclusively feeds on larvae of Salicaceae-feeding Chrysomela species was more sensitive to salicylaldehyde than the less specialized S. gracilis, feeding on such Chrysomela species but also weevil larvae. In contrast the related D. zonalis, foraging for microlepidoptera caterpillars on various host plants, did not respond at all. Furthermore, the three wasp species responded differently to aspen VOCs in GC–MS/EAD measurements. These results indicate that the sense of smell of predatory potter wasps differs for prey and plant volatiles among related wasp species according to their degree of host specialization. The considerable differences in salicylaldehyde perception suggest that its originally defensive function has backfired as it is used by specialist potter wasps for prey location. This is an important clue on adaptive mechanisms of the highest trophic level of the well-studied evolutionary arms race among Chrysomela leaf beetles, their host plants and their enemies. 相似文献