Landscape Metrics for Assessment of Landscape Destruction and Rehabilitation

This investigation tested the usefulness of geometry-based landscape metrics for monitoring landscapes in a heavily disturbed environment. Research was carried out in a 75 sq km study area in Saxony, eastern Germany, where the landscape has been affected by surface mining and agricultural intensification. Landscape metrics were calculated from digital maps (1912, 1944, 1973, 1989) for the entire study area and for subregions (river valleys, plains), which were defined using the original geology and topography of the region. Correlation and factor analyses were used to select a set of landscape metrics suitable for landscape monitoring. Little land-use change occurred in the first half of the century, but political decisions and technological developments led to considerable change later. Metrics showed a similar pattern with almost no change between 1912 and 1944, but dramatic changes after 1944. Nonparametric statistical methods were used to test whether metrics differed between river valleys and plains. Significant differences in the metrics for these regions were found in the early maps (1912, 1944), but these differences were not significant in 1973 or 1989. These findings indicate that anthropogenic influences created a more homogeneous landscape.     

Atmospheric ambient trace element concentrations of PM10 at urban and sub-urban sites: source apportionment and health risk estimation

In this study, PM₁₀ concentrations and elemental (Al, Fe, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, Pb, and Bi) contents of particles were determined in Düzce, Turkey. The particulate matter samplings were carried out in the winter and summer seasons simultaneously in both urban and sub-urban sampling sites. The average PM₁₀ concentration measured in the winter season was 86.4 and 27.3 μg/m³, respectively, in the urban and sub-urban sampling sites, while it was measured as 53.2 and 34.7 μg/m³ in the summer season. According to the results, it was observed that the PM₁₀ levels and the element concentrations reached higher levels, especially at the urban sampling site, in the winter season. The positive matrix factorization model (PMF) was applied to the data set for source apportionment. Analysis with the PMF model revealed six factors for both the urban (coal combustion, traffic, oil combustion, industry, biomass combustion, and soil) and sub-urban (industry, oil combustion, traffic, road dust, soil resuspension, domestic heating) sampling sites. Loadings of grouped elements on these factors showed that the major sources of the elements in the atmosphere of Düzce were traffic, fossil fuel combustion, and metal industry-related emissions.     

淹水和干湿交替对修复后土壤铬的稳定性影响研究

采用固化/稳定化技术修复后的场地和土壤因其污染物未彻底清除而备受关注，外界环境胁迫下重金属存在再活化的风险，但再活化的速率和形式尚不明确. 我国华南地区高温多雨，水热交换频繁剧烈，固化/稳定化后修复场地的安全利用面临更大的潜在风险. 以珠三角地区2个典型固化/稳定化修复后场地土壤为研究对象，开展淹水和干湿交替对土壤重金属铬(Cr)的释放、形态转化及其影响机制研究. 结果表明:①淹水和干湿交替可提高已固化/稳定化土壤中Cr的浸出浓度. 场地A和B土壤Cr的浸出浓度较淹水前分别上升了1.32和8.72倍，干湿交替后场地A土壤Cr的浸出浓度略有下降，场地B土壤Cr的浸出浓度则增加了4.32倍. ②淹水和干湿交替促使已固化/稳定化的Cr从酸可提取态向相对稳定的可氧化态等转化. 场地A和B土壤中酸可提取态Cr含量较淹水前的变化率分别为?60.17%和?14.34%，可氧化态Cr含量的变化率分别为2.71%和13.30%；干湿交替后土壤可提取态Cr含量的变化率分别为?28.78%和?2.13%，可氧化态Cr含量的变化率分别为5.48%和10.22%. ③淹水通过降低土壤氧化还原点位(E_h)、pH和无定形氧化铁等影响Cr的稳定性，促使Mn4+、Fe3+的还原和Cr的重新释放；干湿交替较淹水处理对固化/稳定化体系的影响相对较小. 研究显示，水分胁迫可提高固化/稳定化修复后土壤Cr的浸出浓度、改变赋存形态，但其浸出浓度远低于GB 5085.3—2007《危险废物鉴别标准 浸出毒性鉴别》和HJ/T 301—2007《铬渣污染治理环境保护技术规范(暂行)》规定的浸出液浓度限值；鉴于外界环境胁迫的长期性和复杂性，以及当前“一评定终身”的效果评估管理模式对未彻底清除污染物场地后期监管的无力性，持续关注和系统管控是实现固化/稳定化修复后场地可持续安全利用的必要途径.