Abiotic association of phthalic acid esters with humic acid of a sludge landfill

The abiotic association between phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and humic substances (HS) in sludge landfill plays an important role in the fate and stability of PAEs. An equilibrium dialysis combined with ¹⁴C-labeling was used to study the abiotic association of two abundant PAEs (diethyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate) with humic acid (HA) isolated from a sludge landfill with different stabilization times and different molecular weights. Elemental analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) suggested that high K _A value of HA was related to the high aromatic content and large molecular weight of HA. The results indicated that the association strength of PAEs with HA depended on both the properties of the PAEs and the characteristics of HA. The K _A values of the association were strongly dependent on solution pH, and decreased dramatically as the pH was increased from 3.0 to 9.0. The results suggested that nonspecific hydrophobic interaction between PAEs and HA was the main contributor to the association of the PAEs with HA. The interactive hydrogen-bonds between the HA and the PAEs molecules may also be involved in the association.     

基于谷胱甘肽结合作用定量研究微囊藻毒素的解毒代谢机制

基于谷胱甘肽(GSH)解毒作用探讨了微囊藻毒素-RR(MCRR)在不同动物肝脏和肾脏合作下的代谢机制。通过人工合成MCRR的谷胱甘肽代谢物(MCRR-GSH),腹腔注射至鲫鱼和大鼠体内,利用液相色谱串联质谱技术(LC-MS/MS)定量检测MCRR-GSH及其下游半胱氨酸代谢物(MCRR-Cys)在组织内的代谢动力学变化。在72 h的暴露实验中,实验组鲫鱼和大鼠体内均定量检测到MCRR-GSH和MCRR-Cys。MCRR-GSH在肾脏中的浓度显著高于其他组织(P0.05),鲫鱼和大鼠体内累积浓度分别是(0.161±0.001)和(0.116±0.005)μg·g~(-1)DW。同样的,MCRR-Cys主要分布于鲫鱼和大鼠的肾脏组织。鲫鱼肾脏中MCRR-Cys的浓度出现明显的波动,而肝脏和胆汁内的MCRR-Cys浓度却呈现出上升的趋势;大鼠肾脏内MCRR-Cys的浓度呈缓慢下降的趋势,浓度范围为(8.899±0.817)μg·g~(-1)DW至(3.336±0.263)μg·g~(-1)DW。基于以上结果推测,微囊藻毒素在肝脏和肾脏合作下的解毒过程为:MC在肝脏内经GSH结合作用生成的代谢物MC-GSH随血液循环转运至肾脏,在肾脏内MCGSH快速地转化为下游代谢物MC-Cys以促进排泄。     

Removal,distribution and plant uptake of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in a simulated constructed wetland system

• PFOS was removed by soil adsorption and plant uptake in the VFCW. • Uptake of PFOS by E. crassipes was more than that of C. alternifolius. • PFOS in wastewater can inhibit the removal of nutrients. • Dosing with PFOS changed the soil microbial community in the VFCW. A vertical-flow constructed wetland (VFCW) was used to treat simulated domestic sewage containing perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). The removal rate of PFOS in the domestic sewage was 93%–98%, through soil adsorption and plant uptake, suggesting that VFCWs can remove PFOS efficiently from wastewater. The removal of PFOS in the VFCW was dependent on soil adsorption and plant uptake; moreover, the percentage of soil adsorption was 61%–89%, and was higher than that of the plants uptake (5%–31%). The absorption capacity of Eichhornia crassipes (E. crassipes) (1186.71 mg/kg) was higher than that of Cyperus alternifolius (C. alternifolius) (162.77 mg/kg) under 10 mg/L PFOS, and the transfer factor of PFOS in E. crassipes and C. alternifolius was 0.04 and 0.58, respectively, indicating that PFOS is not easily translocated to leaves from roots of wetland plants; moreover, uptake of PFOS by E. crassipes was more than that of C. alternifolius because the biomass of E. crassipes was more than that of C. alternifolius and the roots of E. crassipes can take up PFOS directly from wastewater while C. alternifolius needs to do so via its roots in the soil. The concentration of 10 mg/L PFOS had an obvious inhibitory effect on the removal rate of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand, and ammonia nitrogen in the VFCW, which decreased by 15%, 10%, 10% and 12%, respectively. Dosing with PFOS in the wastewater reduced the bacterial richness but increased the diversity in soil because PFOS stimulated the growth of PFOS-tolerant strains.     

固定化氨氧化细菌短程硝化稳定性研究

以高分子聚合物为载体,采用细胞增殖技术固定氨氧化细菌,研究了氨氮负荷、HRT、初始游离氨(FA)和有机物等因素对短程硝化过程稳定性的影响.实验结果表明,当进水氨氮负荷分别为100、150和200 mg/L时,出水氨氮浓度均小于10 mg/L;当进水氨氮浓度为25.8、51.1和93.3 mg/L时,分别经历3、6、12 h后,出水氨氮浓度低,亚硝化效果好,可以根据进水氨氮浓度的变化,适当地凋整系统水力停留时间(HRT)并优化系统的运行;当游离氨(FA)浓度>9 mg/L时,对氨氧化细菌会产生抑制;低分子有机物的存在对氨氧化细菌的活性具有一定的促进作用,有机物浓度对亚硝化率基本不产生影响,实验过程中在有机物存在的条件下.发生了短程硝化反硝化反应.使得系统总氮减少.     

开展环境污染损害鉴定评估 促进经济发展方式转变

环境污染损害鉴定评估是综合运用经济、法律、技术等手段,对环境污染导致的损害范围、程度等进行合理鉴定、测算,出具鉴定意见和评估报告,为环境管理、环境司法等提供服务的活动。为推动环境污染损害鉴定评估工作顺利开展,本文论述环境污染损害鉴定评估的重要意义和运行机制以及技术路线。同时提出实施步骤和保障措施。     

奥林匹克森林公园典型人工林地非点源污染输出特征分析

选取北京奥林匹克森林公园的典型人工林地为研究对象,通过对天然降雨径流过程及泥沙、氮、磷等污染物浓度随径流变化过程的监测,研究公园典型密草林她覆盖下,不同坡形及人工沟渠汇流条件下的径流及污染物浓度、形态和负荷的输出特征.结果表明,相同降雨条件下,林地1的坡长/坡宽比小,径流深度大,林地1坡度较大的草皮型汇流沟渠对径流的削...     

Control of membrane fouling during hyperhaline municipal wastewater treatment using a pilot-scale anoxic/aerobic-membrane bioreactor system

Membrane fouling limits the effects of long-term stable operation of membrane bioreactor (MBR). Control of membrane fouling can extend the membrane life and reduce water treatment cost effectively. A pilot scale anoxic/aerobic-membrane bioreactor (A/O-MBR, 40 L/hr) was used to treat the hyperhaline municipal sewage from a processing zone of Tianjin, China. Impact factors including mixed liquid sludge suspension (MLSS), sludge viscosity (μup), microorganisms, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), aeration intensity and suction/suspended time on membrane fouling and pollution control were studied. The relationships among various factors associated with membrane fouling were analyzed. Results showed that there was a positive correlation among MLSS, sludge viscosity and trans-membrane pressure (TMP). Considering water treatment efficiency and stable operation of the membrane module, MLSS of 5 g/L was suggested for the process. There was a same trend among EPS, sludge viscosity and TMP. Numbers and species of microorganisms affected membrane fouling. Either too high or too low aeration intensity was not conducive to membrane fouling control. Aeration intensity of 1.0 m³/hr (gas/water ratio of 25:1) is suggested for the process. A long suction time caused a rapid increase in membrane resistance. However, long suspended time cannot prevent the increase of membrane resistance effectively even though a suspended time was necessary for scale off particles from the membrane surface. The suction/suspended time of 12 min/3 min was selected for the process. The interaction of various environmental factors and operation conditions must be considered synthetically.     

Analysis of bacterial community in bulking sludge using culture-dependent and -independent approaches

Combination of 16S rRNA gene clone library and cultivation for assessing of bacterial diversity of the microflora in bulking sludge was evaluated in the study.     

Comparison of bacterial community structures in two systems of a sewage treatment plant using PCR-DGGE analysis

Bacterial community was investigated during sludge bulking period using combination of PCR amplification of 16sRNA genes with DGGE analysis.     

五氯酚对HeLa细胞毒性及DNA损伤的研究

以人宫颈癌HeLa细胞为研究对象,运用MTT法检测PCP处理后HeLa细胞的增长抑制率;通过测定细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的漏出率和总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,评价PCP的细胞毒性作用;彗星实验检测HeLa细胞经不同浓度PCP处理后的DNA损伤.结果表明,PCP对HeLa细胞的半数抑制浓度(IC50)为66.59μmol.L-1;HeLa细胞在12.5、25、50、100和200μmol.L-1 PCP染毒条件下,LDH的漏出率随着染毒时间的增加逐渐增大,具有明显的时间-效应关系,在12.25、17.5和25μmol.L-1 PCP染毒下,细胞培养液中SOD的活性随着染毒时间的增加逐渐下降,存在显著的时间-效应关系,低浓度PCP(25μmol.L-1)显著增加细胞培养液中LDH的漏出率以及PCP(12.25μmol.L-1)显著降低总SOD的活性;PCP(实验浓度为6.25、12.5、25和50μmol.L-1)不会导致HeLa细胞DNA损伤.因此SOD和LDH可作为评价低浓度PCP毒性效应的敏感性生物标志物.