Influence of fuel mass load, oxygen supply and burning rate on emission factor and size distribution of carbonaceous particulate matter from indoor corn straw burning

The uncertainty in emission estimation is strongly associated with the variation in emission factor (EF),which could be influenced by a variety of factors such as fuel properties,stove type,fire management and even methods used in measurements.The impacts of these factors are complicated and often interact with each other.Controlled burning experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of fuel mass load,air supply and burning rate on the emissions and size distributions of carbonaceous particulate matter (PM) from indoor corn straw burning in a cooking stove.The results showed that the EFs of PM (EFPM),organic carbon (EFOC) and elemental carbon (EFEC) were independent of the fuel mass load.The differences among them under different burning rates or air supply amounts were also found to be insignificant (p > 0.05) in the tested circumstances.PM from the indoor corn straw burning was dominated by fine PM with diameter less than 2.1 μm,contributing 86.4%±3.9% of the total.The size distribution of PM was influenced by the burning rate and air supply conditions.On average,EF PM,EF OC and EF EC for corn straw burned in a residential cooking stove were (3.84±1.02),(0.846±0.895) and (0.391±0.350) g/kg,respectively.EF PM,EF OC and EF EC were found to be positively correlated with each other (p < 0.05),but they were not significantly correlated with the EF of co-emitted CO,suggesting that special attention should be paid to the use of CO as a surrogate for other incomplete combustion pollutants.     

黔中岩溶地区草地土壤CO2的稳定碳同位素组成

黔中岩溶地区草地土壤 CO₂ 的δ¹³C值在地 -气界面层上随土层深度的增加而降低 ,在地 -气界面层以下 ,土壤 CO₂ 的δ¹³C值基本不变 .土壤 CO₂ 的 δ¹³C值存在季节变化与昼夜变化的特征 .夏季 CO₂ 的 δ¹³C值最高 (-15.5‰ ) ,冬季 CO₂ 的 δ¹³C值最低 (-18.9‰) ;从夏季到冬季 ,土壤 CO₂ 的 δ¹³C稳定值逐渐降低 ,降低幅度超过 3‰ .在一天中 ,中午土壤 CO₂ 的 δ¹³C值最高(-14.0‰ ) ,早晚土壤 CO₂ 的δ¹³C值较低 (-15.4‰ )     

Nitrification in natural waters with high suspended-solid content--a study for the Yellow River

In this research, the mechanism regarding the effects of suspended solids on nitrification in freshwater systems with high solid contents was examined. Experimental studies were conducted for natural water of the Yellow River under laboratory conditions. Nitrification kinetics was investigated in water systems with various levels of suspended-solid contents. The associated mechanisms were analyzed through investigation of the adsorption-desorption of ammonium nitrogen, the process of bacteria growth, and the feature of nitrification kinetics. The results indicated that the presence of suspended solids could accelerate the nitrification process. The nitrification rate would increase non-linearly with the increase of suspended-solid content. When the initial concentration of ammonia nitrogen was 12.70 mg/l in the water system, the ratios of half-time duration for nitrification would be 1.88:1.23:1 under suspended-solid contents of 0, 1.84 and 5.00 g/l, respectively. When the initial concentration of ammonia nitrogen was around 1.0 mg/l in the water system, the nitrification rates in systems with suspended-solid contents of 1.81 and 3.42 g/l would then be approximately 9 and 12 times that without suspended solids, respectively. The populations of nitrifying bacteria would rise with increasing suspended-solid content. The existence of suspended solids would increase the contact chances between bacteria and nitrogen, resulting in accelerated nitrification processes; this was manifested by the increased K(4) (tau(max)/K(S)) along with the raised suspended-solid contents while fitting nitrification kinetics with the growth-based logistic model. Since the amount of ammonium nitrogen adsorbed on suspended-solid surface was non-linearly proportional to the suspended-solid content, the nitrification rate was also non-linearly proportional to the suspended-solid content.     

不同结构的复合微生态系统净化污水的研究

采用不同结构(分层填埋和混合填埋)的复合微生态系统对模拟生活污水进行了处理研究。结果表明:在60cm/d的高水力负荷条件下,对COD、TN、NH4+-N和PO43--P的去除率,分层填埋系统分别为78.3%、36.9%、81.3%和50.8%;混合填埋系统分别为79.1%、41.5%、93.4%和86.7%。混合填埋系统对污染物去除效率高于分层填埋系统。植物对微生态系统的正常运行有重要作用。     

太湖沼泽化评价方法的建立及应用

为了研究太湖的沼泽化现状,在考虑太湖生态类型空间分布多样性特征的基础上,遵循以水生植物为主、促淤效应为辅的沼泽化评价原则,选取水生植物类型、水生植物生物量、沉积速率、平均水深为指标,构建了沼泽化定量评价体系,并对太湖沼泽化综合指数进行分湖区计算.结果表明,太湖沼泽化程度可分3个水平:处于沼泽化盛期的东太湖,其沼泽化综合指数为2.81,为全湖最高;处于沼泽化前期的东部滨岸区、贡湖和南部沿岸区,其沼泽化综合指数分别为1.36、1.19、1.18;不存在沼泽化问题的梅梁湾、西部沿岸区及湖心区,其沼泽化综合指数分别为0.90、0.79、0.05.对沼泽化程度严重的东太湖有必要采取人工生物量控制、生态清淤、围网养殖规划等减缓沼泽化进程的治理措施.     

垃圾堆肥工艺过程动态模拟及优化研究

选取通气量、含水率、温度、底物浓度等作为堆肥控制因子，在堆肥生物反应动力学的基础上，根据堆肥反应过程的物料平衡和能量平衡，以及微生物比生长速度与含水率、堆肥温度的依存关系，结合翻转式堆肥反应装置操作运行条件，对厨房垃圾好氧堆肥过程中堆温、含水率、有机物、微生物量及氧气消耗量等变化进行计算机模拟计算，并将模拟结果与堆肥实验结果进行对比。结果证明，除了由于反应装置保温不理想引起堆温和含水率二者有偏差外，总体模拟计算结果与实际堆肥结果基本吻合。另外还开展了利用所开发的模型进行堆肥通气优化的应用研究。模型计算结果表明：当出口氧气控制在10％-18％时，采用间歇供氧，不仅能提高堆肥效率，而且可以使供氧时间减少40％以上。经过堆肥实验验证模拟结果是正确的。由此可见，利用模型模拟堆肥过程，快速优化堆肥方案是可行与有效的。     

生物滤池净化城市生活垃圾BMT发酵恶臭气体的研究

针对城市生活垃圾BMT过程中的恶臭气体,以堆肥为填料,在现场进行了生物滤池处理研究,分别测定了臭气的成分、臭气中TVOC浓度变化的规律、滤池的净化效率、填料中有机质、全氮、全碳、全磷和pH等特征,以及填料菌落数的变化. SPME-CC-MS的分析结果表明,恶臭气体中的主要有机污染物包括苯系物、萜烯和烷烃;臭气中TVOC浓度在发酵初期较大,而后逐渐减少,变化范围为68.3×10-6～3.3×10-6(体积分数),滤池净化效率范围为31,5%～84,8%;在4个月的运行过程中,填料中有机质、总氮、总碳、总磷的含量基本上保持在比较稳定的数值,而水溶性总氮增加了53.7%.水溶性总磷减少了19.6%,填料的pH值在初始经历了一个升高阶段后稳定在7.8左右;填料中细菌和霉菌的数量呈上升趋势,而酵母菌和放线菌的数量呈下降趋势,分别为初始填料的3.1、3.4、0.04、0.07倍.     

The combined toxicity and mechanism of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and nano copper oxide toward freshwater algae: Tetradesmus obliquus

Nanoparticles(NPs) are widely used for their special physical properties and released into the natural environment. When two types of NPs exist in the same environment, the presence of one type of NP may affect the properties of the other type of NP. This study investigated the toxic effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs) and copper oxide nanoparticles(Cu O NPs) on Tetradesmus obliquus. Both NPs had toxic effects on algae, and the toxic effects of MWCNTs were significantly stronger tha...     

改性海藻酸钠微球对Pb2+吸附性能的研究

文章以海藻酸钠(SA)为原料,与羧基化微晶纤维素(CCN)、四氧化三铁(Fe_3O_4)进行溶液共混,采用化学沉淀法制备出Fe_3O_4@CCN/SA复合微球。以硝酸铅溶液为研究对象,探讨了初始浓度、pH、吸附时间对吸附性能的影响。结果表明:Pb~(2+)浓度为1 000mg/L,pH=5,吸附时间为6 h时,饱和吸附量最大为184.2 mg/g。吸附符合Langmuir等温线模拟和拟二级反应动力学模型。该磁性微球使用盐酸解析脱附,重复使用第6次饱和吸附量仍高达165.5 mg/g,说明Fe_3O_4@CCN/SA磁性微球具有良好的再生使用性能。     

新型玄武岩纤维生物载体与水处理应用研究现状及展望

玄武岩纤维(BF)是绿色高性能的微米级无机纤维,作为新型微生物载体有良好的生物相容性和水质净化效果,在水处理领域倍受关注。调研了BF的材料特性及其在生物反应器中形成的微生物聚集体(生物巢)性质。为进一步提升BF载体的水处理效能,今后研究重点在于改善BF亲水性、表面弱正电性、粗糙度等,提高BF生物亲和性与水中分散性;综述了BF表面改性研究进展;总结并展望了BF载体在处理工业废水、生活污水与水体修复等领域的应用。